Frances Dana Gage - Feminist and Abolitionist Lecturer

Known for: lecturer and writer for women’s rights, abolition, rights and welfare of former slaves Dates: October 12, 1808 – November 10, 1884 Frances Dana Gage Biography Frances Gage grew up in an Ohio farm family. Her father had been one of the original settlers of Marietta, Ohio. Her mother was from a Massachusetts family, and her mother had also moved nearby.  Frances, her mother and maternal grandmother all actively helped escaping slaves. Frances in her later years wrote of going in a canoe with food for those in hiding.  She also developed an impatience and longing for women’s equal treatment in her childhood. In 1929, at twenty, she married James Gage, and they raised 8 children.  James Gage, a Universalist in religion and abolitionist as well, supported Frances in her many ventures during their marriage. Frances read while at home raising the children, educating herself far beyond the rudimentary education she’d had at home, and began to write as well.  She developed strong interest in three issues which attracted many of the women reformers of her day: women’s rights, temperance, and abolition.  She wrote letters about these issues to newspapers. She also began to write poetry and submit it for publication. By the time she was in her early 40s, she was writing for the Ladies’ Repository. She began a column in the Ladies Department of a farm newspaper, in the form of letters from â€Å"Aunt Fanny† on many topics, both practical and public. Women’s Rights By 1849, she was lecturing on women’s rights, abolition, and temperance. In 1850, when the first Ohio women’s rights convention was held, she wanted to attend, but could only send a letter of support. In May 1850, she began a petition to the Ohio legislature advocating that the new state constitution omit the words male and white. When the second Ohio women’s rights convention was held in Akron in 1851, Gage was asked to be the presider. When a minister denounced women’s rights, and Sojourner Truth got up to respond, Gage ignored the protests from the audience and allowed Truth to speak.  She later (in 1881) recorded her memory of the speech, usually remembered with the title â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman?† in a dialect form. Gage was asked to speak more and more often for women’s rights. She presided at the 1853 national women’s rights convention when it was held in Cleveland, Ohio. Missouri From 1853 to 1860, the Gage family lived in St. Louis, Missouri.  There, Frances Dana Gage didn’t find a warm reception from the newspapers for her letters.  She instead wrote for national women’s rights publications, including Amelia Bloomer’s Lily. She corresponded with other women in America interested in the same issues she was attracted to, and even corresponded with the English feminist Harriet Martineau. She was supported not only by women in the woman suffrage movement, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Amelia Bloomer, but also by abolitionist male leaders including William Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley, and Frederick Douglass. She later wrote, From 1849 to 1855 I lectured on [woman’s rights] in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York†¦.† The family found themselves ostracized in St. Louis for their radical views. After three fires, and James Gage’s failing health and failing business venture, the family returned to Ohio. Civil War The Gages moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1850, and Frances Dana Gage became the associate editor of an Ohio newspaper and a farm journal. Her husband was now ill, so she traveled only in Ohio, speaking on women’s rights. When the Civil War began, the newspaper’s circulation dropped, and the newspaper died. Frances Dana Gage focused on volunteer work to support the Union effort. Her four sons served in the Union forces.  Frances and her daughter Mary sailed in 1862 for the Sea Islands, captured territory held by the Union. She was put in charge of relief efforts on Parris Island where 500 formerly enslaved people lived.  The next year, she briefly returned to Columbus to care for her husband, then returned to her work in the Sea Islands. In late 1863 Frances Dana Gage began a lecture tour to support relief efforts for soldiers’ aid and for relief for those newly freed.  She worked without salary for the Western Sanitary Commission. She had to end her tour in September of 1864 when she was injured in a carriage accident on her tour, and was disabled for a year. Later Life After she recovered, Gage returned to lecturing. In 1866 she appeared at the New York chapter of the Equal Rights Association, advocating rights for both women and for African American women and men. As â€Å"Aunt Fanny† she published stories for children. She published a book of poetry and several novels, before being limited from lecturing by a stroke. She continued to write until her death in 1884 in Greenwich, Connecticut. Also known as: Fanny Gage, Frances Dana Barker Gage, Aunt Fanny Family: Parents: Joseph Barker and Elizabeth Dana Barker, farmers in OhioHusband: James L. Gage, lawyerChildren: four sons and four daughters

Adolf Hitler Synopsis 2 - 1985 Words

Adolf Hitler 1. THE BEGINNING At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 a child was born in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years†¦show more content†¦Historians believe that Hitler saw a great opportunity to get his views across to the German people who have lost all hope. Of course people did not start to support him right away. After he came into power, the Nazi party took control over every aspect of every day life. Hitler ordered the creation of a special police force to make sure that all opponents would be elimanted, the Gestapo. He also gave orders to set up a special force which would be used to transport and take care of all political prisioners and people thought to be inferior. The name of the force was the feared SS. Mass propaganda was used to persuade the German people that the Fuhrer would make the country strong and powerful again. They also used propaganda against the Jews and other minority groups which were considered enemies. Teachers had to belong to the Nazi party, and children were taught that Jews very the source of all their problems. Since the country was in chaos after the war, and was forced to pay billions in damages, The Germans saw hope in Adolf Hitler. In the late 20s the depression hit which made the situation even worse. Hitler in his speeches blamed the Jews and Communists for their misfortunes and many listed. 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Case Study 1 Generative Software Development Free Essays

Case Study 1: Generative Software Development Advanced Software Engineering –CIS 518 February 17, 2013 Case Study 1: Generative Software Development Generative software development is a development that permits products to be produced automatically through different specifications. This type of development happens in two phases the first phase consist of the domain engineers developing the product down to generating the software mechanisms. Once development is completed, then each individual product is produced. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study 1: Generative Software Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The normal software development process would normally consist of several different models that have a particular set of task that have to be set forth during a certain point during the process. The software development process happens over a series of activities and depending on the development model will determine what activities will take place at any given time during the process verse the Generative software development happens in two phases with specifications that are already determined at the start of the development. Developing generative software would benefit an organization because this allows for automation to software development. Many companies develop software but it is so generic and takes intense processes where the whole software is based on coding from scratch which can be possibly be used by any software. With the use of languages like FORTRAN and C will have less of an impact of the software quality and the length and speed of the development will not be effected (Iseger, 2010). Moving toward automation will give developers more room to come up with software solutions and the complier with automatically produce lower assemblers. This would streamline the organizations software with less downtime, easier maintenance and convert everything to an automated system. With the use of generative software development would save developers time in the end from having to redevelop codes from scratch which risk defects because of incorrect coding etc. The challenges that would be faced with implementing the generative software development process in organization would be to ensure that all software and systems could be integrated and automated without any delays or downtime. There would also be a problem with saving old data that is not used any longer saving and archiving information without the loss of any data during the transfer. Making sure that the development team understands the new process and how the implementation will take place. These challenges will be easy to overcome first thing would be to test as much as possible before implementation to try and catch any errors that may come up and make sure all of the developers are using and coding the new application with the desired language that was chosen for the application. Also having a back place to store the data before integrating the data so that just in case the data is lost during the implementation there is a back-up location to access any of the organizations data. Developer will had had several training sessions on the new process and there will be at least three meeting a week during implementation to ensure everyone is on the same page and to make sure that the process is running smoothly to have a successful implementation. The generative software development process might be applied to an organizations development process to quickly automate the system and create a streamline of applications that work and can be integrated without several phases to follow before implementation can occur. This can be used for organizations that are looking to automate all of their data and system applications to increase productivity enhance the security, provide data back up and data storage. The organization can use the Domain Specific Modelling, which is an approach that applies generative programming in order to improve the software applications development quality and boost the developer productivity. The move towards 3GL is the key to achieving 400% productivity (Iseger, 2010). The first step to the use of DSM is to identify the solution and come up with a illustration by using critical thinking and relating the problem to the domain. However, the use of a UML is most commonly used to provide a full model solution. Creating a visual depiction of the application model provides a blue print of the software application which programmers can use these specifications but now in the programming language. When creating the application the use of programming concepts by raising the level of abstractions will help with developing the system concept. The Organization can create the system specifications by using the concepts and rules based on the company’s products produced. Creating the application in the concept of using domains verse classes enhances the applications speed and makes it much easier to develop. This will allow the application to be more streamlined to the data and make it easier program as a whole. Creating classes all of the data has to somehow link together for the classes to retrieve the correct data but the use of DSM will eliminate that. References Iseger, M. (2010, July 23). Domain-specific modeling for generative software development. Retrieved from http://www. developerfusion. com/article/84844/domainspecific-modeling-for-generative-software-development/ Lawerence Pfleeger, S. (2010). Software engineering. (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. How to cite Case Study 1: Generative Software Development, Free Case study samples

Windows to Our Subconscious Mind free essay sample

Some dictionaries say, â€Å"A series of thoughts, images, and emotions that occur during sleep† (Webster’s). Other references say dreams are â€Å"a communication of body, mind, and spirit in a symbolic communicative environmental state of being† (Lukeman 61). Dreams have both a metaphysical and physical existence. The metaphysical aspect is the imagery in a dream and its relation to the subconscious. The physical aspect is the chemical reactions that occur within the brain during dreams. There are many commonly asked questions about dreams. Some can be answered scientifically, but the majority cannot. You might unsuccessfully try to scientifically answer questions like: What are our dreams trying to tell us? Why are dreams so strange with frequent shifts of scene? â€Å"When we sleep we do more than just rest our weary bones; we tap into our subconscious mind† (Ullman and Zimmerman). Many people simply look at dreams at a literal level. They view dreaming as just another one of those peculiar, uncontrollable happenings within our brain. They view dreaming as just another one of those peculiar, uncontrollable happenings within our brain. However, this is not the case. The fact is everybody dreams, whether they remember their dreams or not. These dreams, which are very difficult to influence or manipulate, are the language of our subconscious mind. There are many ways to look at dreams as well as interpret them. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand how dreaming and the unconscious works and the undeniable connection between the two. Dreams are an important part of people’s lives and culture around the world. In this symposium, I will elucidate the importance of dreams in one’s life, discuss the scientific perspective on dreams, and use the studies and viewpoints of the well-known dream philosopher Sigmund Freud to exemplify the psychoanalytical view on dreaming. Since the time of the Babylonians, scholars have studied with curiosity the meaning of dreams and their symbols using the cultural beliefs of their age. Some of the earliest examples of dream interpretation are in the Bible itself. In Genesis (37-41), Joseph interpreted dreams of two persons; a cupbearer and a baker. In fact, this interpretation by Joseph had a tremendous impact not only on Egypt but also on the future of dream interpretation. In later centuries, well-known philosophers Hippocrates and Aristotle studied dreams and believed that dreams were connected to future illnesses. The Egyptians and Greeks believed dreams were messages from God. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that the famous philosophers Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung came up with their own explanations and theories. I will go into great depth on their theories later in this symposium, as these men, with out a doubt, sparked an evolution in the study of dreams and are still regarded as the fathers of modern dream interpretation. Dreaming is a form of mental activity that occurs during sleep. Most people spend in total about 25 years of their life sleeping and of that about 6 years are spent dreaming in the REM stage. With few exceptions, all mammals go through the same sleep cycle. Each sleep cycle lasts for about an hour or two and repeats itself on average four to five times per night. Within each cycle are four stages. Dreams can occur in any of these stages but usually the more vivid dreams occur in the last stage also known as REM sleep, which is reached about 90-100 minutes after the onset of sleep. The stages repeat themselves throughout a night. The REM stage is reached 5-7 times per night, depending on the length of sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movement and is so named because during this stage, the eyes move quickly under the eyelid. This eye movement is the result of unconscious thought of the dreaming person who is viewing the images like a scene passing before his eyes. Dreams occur in the REM stage, which also happens to be the lightest stage of sleep because this is the only stage that the conscious mind can interpret the imagery of the subconscious. In deeper sleep stages, the conscious is not alert enough to interpret the imagery of the subconscious and therefore dreaming is rare in other stages of sleep. Dreams may be monitored using an electroencephalograph or EEG, which is a test that monitors brain wave activity and detects eye movement of a person in the REM stage of sleep. This stage is the most restorative part of sleep and is where the majority of dreaming occurs. Now there are many people who say they simply cannot remember their dreams. About half of the population wakes during non-REM sleep and this most likely explains why they are unable to remember their dreams. Now that I have set the scientific foundation for dreaming, I will discuss the actual nature of dreams. Dreams are studied with much curiosity because of the fact that they vary so far from conscious understanding. Most dreams consist of memories, and are in the form of interrupted scenes. The senses of touch, taste, smell and pain are not commonly experienced. Emotions are felt, but usually in the form of a single, basic emotion such as fear, anger, or joy. The images in a dream are bright and clear as if awake, but they are murky and plain in color. When it comes to characters, we usually play the leading role in our own dreams. Half of the characters are friends, acquaintances, or family members and the rest may be people you don’t recognize. Dreams are usually selfish or centered on oneself about 90% of the time. Dreams are more perceptual than conceptual which means things are seen and heard rather than thought† (Encarta 2000). Many of us have encountered situations in which external stimuli such as sound or movement are sensed and are incorporated into one’s dream. This is called Stimulus Incorporation. For example, an alarm clock going off in the morning and somebody shaking you to wake up could be taken as an earthquake with sirens going off in one’s dream. This is very common and usually occurs when the individual is waking from the REM stage. From a medical standpoint, dreams have been determined to be stimulated by an outburst of nerve-cell impulses from the brain stem. Some researchers suggest that the bizarre content of dreams is representative of the brain trying to rid itself of irrelevant, repetitious thoughts or associations during sleep so that it will be more open to new information during the waking state. The opposing view to this is that in dreams we reprocess information gathered during the day and by reviewing it in our dreams, it is being reinforced. REM sleep may therefore serve the important role of restoration and growth of memory. It has been scientifically proven that an individual deprived of REM sleep tends to become overly sensitive, have bad memory recall, and is less able to concentrate. Furthermore, dreams may also serve to repair one’s mood, usually by helping one solve an important problem or make a crucial decision by using this idea of reprocessing data. This is where we get the phrase, â€Å"well, just sleep on it†. Since during sleep there is a lack of sensory input to the brain from the rest of the body, the brain is not focused on our senses, such as sight or hearing. Thus, the brain can focus most of its attention on creative problem solving. Current research suggests that dreams reflect on problems that the individual experiences in life, and that the function of dreams is to â€Å"act out† the emotional problem. On a more practical level, there are those who simply believe that dreams are the clearing of unneeded fragments from our memory that have accumulated over the past few days. â€Å"Try to imagine your brain kicking around emotions, thoughts, ideas, actions, and interactions of the short-term memory while in the back of your mind the trends of your life and your thoughts still remain† (Crisp 152). All this data is a form of chaos, and your mind puts it all together in a form of visual screenplay creating what we know as, the dream† (Peters67). In a nutshell, the scientific approach is that dreams are nothing more than small amounts of information that are being scanned and sorted during REM sleep. Dreams can be categorized into at least seven types according to the information that I have rese arched. These include superconscious dreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, night terrors, sexual dreams, repetitive dreams, and plain subconscious dreams. Superconscious dreams are thought to give the dreamer the ability to see things that haven’t yet occurred. These dreams may act as warnings or messengers. They are prophetic in a way and this type of dream was frequently commented on in biblical times. The second class of dreams is lucid dreaming which is where the individual becomes aware that they are dreaming during the dream. People can teach themselves to recognize that they are dreaming and their awareness does not interfere with the dream’s natural flow. The next type of dream, which is very simple in nature but usually very meaningful, is the all too famous nightmare. Nightmares are very simple in nature but are usually spawned from suppressed negative emotion. The imagery is usually intense and fearful and interestingly enough, all nightmares end with awakening. This is easily understood since the nightmare is very emotionally overwhelming. Night terrors are the next type of dream and are similar to nightmares except they are extremely frightening and traumatic. Night terrors are most often experienced by young children however they are very occasional. Night terrors will cause a child to wake up crying or screaming in fright. The next two types of dreams can be literally understood by their names. The first is sexual dreams, and the second is repetitive dreams. Sexual dreams are believed to be the result of sexual tension or urges to engage in sexual intercourse by the dreamer. Repetitive dreams are dreams that occur more than once and convey a meaning of urgent but ignored emotions in ones life. Lastly, the plain subconscious dream is the dream that does not fall into any other dream category. Basically, it is the â€Å"average† dream. These are usually the hardest to interpret or understand because they can’t be categorized specifically. The metaphysical aspect of dreaming is the imagery in a dream and its relation to the subconscious. A person’s conscious mind is the mind they use when they are awake and aware of what is going on. The conscious is the part of the mind that can make decisions and distinctions between reality and desire. It has complete control over speaking, thinking and action around others. During dreaming, the mind travels from the conscious to the subconscious. Although dreams are strange in appearance they hold detailed meaning pertaining to one’s life. In the Hebrew Talmud, it is written ‘A dream not interpreted is like a letter to the self not read’† (Time-Life 23). Learning what dreams are trying to tell us by analyzing symbols and themes within them has now been come to known as dream interpretation. Understanding the structure and symbolism in dreams is crucial in the process of interpreting them. Dreams are full of what is called, â€Å"symbolic imageryâ⠂¬ . The key to interpreting your own dreams is to analyze and comprehend the basic themes and symbols within them while at the same time understanding the correlation between them and your life. I have concluded that a dream is made up of several elements all of which need to be carefully examined in order to more comprehensively interpret a dream. The first element of a dream is the overall theme. In order to clearly reveal the theme of a dream, one must take all the details away and look at it as a whole. Exclude names, places, faces, things and concentrate on the action of the dream. What is happening that is of key importance? Is there traveling, because traveling has been known to represent the moving on in the journey of one’s life? Is the theme death, because death often signifies one’s ego is having trouble dealing with a recent change in life? So in general, this method of removing details will point you in the right direction in terms of the interpretation of the dream. The second element of a dream is the dreamer himself. Understanding the dreamer is one of the most important aspects in accurately interpreting a dream. The dreamer is responsible for the images and actions that take place in the dream, because it is from the dreamer’s subconscious mind that the dream content is born. Dreams represent many different areas of the dreamer’s physical, emotional and mental being. Many times, current situations that bring distress or anxiety to the dreamer will be evident in the dream in many different forms, which are usually very symbolic in their appearance and meaning. Furthermore, many other factors such as childhood influences, general fears and phobias, or the basic personality of the dreamer may also play a role in the formation of a dream. Dreams have been said to be the â€Å"voice of our subconscious†. The subconscious is the home of â€Å"powerful primitive drives and forbidden wishes that constantly generate pressure on the conscious mind† (Hunt 185). â€Å"Within the subconscious lie different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct† (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). It has been said that one will never see something in their dreams that they haven’t seen in real life. The question is then raised, â€Å"what do blind people see in dreams. † The subconscious mind communicates using other senses such as hearing, smell, or taste. Hellen Keller talked about â€Å"seeing† in her dreams much like she perceived things around her during her daily life. This shows that the subconscious will find a way to communicate to the conscious, even if the sense of sight is not present. The subconscious mind cannot speak directly to the conscious mind, but there is communication through symbolism, which is the third and final element of dreams. Pictures and symbols present in the environment of a dream are crucial in the interpretation of the entire dream. As I’ve said, they are the language of the subconscious. The colors in one’s dreams may be very informative when it comes to interpreting dreams. Clothing in dreams would best symbolize your mood or attitude. More specifically, parents might be disguised as thieves, images that derive from the early months of an infant’s life when parents would enter the room at night to check on them. The self may be portrayed as a prince or princess. And childhood may be illustrated in a dream when everybody else is enormous and the dreamer is small. Symbolism can be found in every scene of a dream, one just has to learn how to relate it to their lives. Take Joe for example. He dreamt that he was lying in bed crying. Suddenly water began to rise in his room and he tried calling 9-1-1 but nobody would answer. First, Joe woke up, thinking he was in the middle of a nightmare. Now Joe has two choices. He could forget about the dream and think of it as meaningless, or he could examine the symbolism present and determine what his dream is urgently trying to tell him. Joe decided to analyze his dream. Since he is in his own bed, it showed that he is comfortable in his life. Secondly, Joe needs to understand he was showing signs of regression by sitting and crying. Once he realizes that, he remembers he was reprimanded at work the day before. Then Joe examines the rising water and determines that it signifies the fact that he has been feeling overcome with uncontrollable emotions lately in his life. Lastly, he concludes the 9-1-1 call in which he could not get through was symbolizing a communication breakdown, and he quickly establishes the connection by realizing he has not been communicating very well with his wife and their relationship is suffering. Nothing in our dreams is made up, but rather is determined by our experiences and emotional needs. Also, one must remember that symbols do not have fixed meanings in dreams, but rather are meaningful in the context of what is happening in the dream and in the life of the individual. Joe’s dream is simply one example of interpreting a dream and learning to relate it to your life by analyzing and understanding the three basic elements of the dream: the symbols present, the major themes, and the dreamer themselves. One very favorable method of dream interpretation is Psychoanalytical sessions, in which the dreamer and a psychoanalyst meet to discuss the dreamer’s direct associations to everything in the dream. The psychoanalyst must have profound knowledge of the dreamer’s direct and indirect relationships with the content of the dream and, there must be a strong mutual trust between the two individuals. Finally, I would like to introduce the psychoanalytical view on dreaming through the well-known theories and ideas of Sigmund Freud. Freud devised the â€Å"wish-fulfillment theory†, which he believed was the root of all of our dreams. He believed that dreams carry hidden signs of suppressed needs as well as our deepest desires going back to our childhood. The wish-fulfillment theory is â€Å"Freud’s theory of dream interpretation that emphasizes the roles of manifest and latent content of dreams† (Hunt 196). Let me clarify these psychoanalytic terms to make his theory more understandable. Manifest content is what the dreamer consciously understands from his dream. It is the basic dream told by the dreamer, exactly how he/she experienced it. The Latent content is the dream’s hidden meaning, which originates in the unconscious. It is what the interpretation reveals about the dream that was not known at first. The latent content brings fourth the problem or conflict which brought about the dream in the first place. To interpret a dream one must first look at the manifest content to get to the latent content. Many people would bring up the important question of â€Å"how can a terrifying nightmare possibly be fulfilling a wish? † Freud simply responded by explaining that we must be able to distinguish between the manifest and latent content of the dream. He said that a dream disguises it’s latent content because it is often immoral or has to do with a person’s instinctual aggressive or sexual nature. Freud said the idea of the latent content being disguised as manifest content is merely a form of censorship. Conclusively, dreams are â€Å"conscious hallucinations of a sleeping individual which result from unconscious disguising of repressed traumatic conflicts† (Freud). Freud furthermore believed that in order for these â€Å"repressed traumatic conflicts† to transform into dreams, the individual who experiences them must unconsciously feel incapable of resolving them. In addition, he said that a dream was not only spawned from ongoing wishes deep in our subconscious, but also from the previous day’s activities. Freud said that during sleep, there are â€Å"residues† in the conscious of the previous day’s thoughts and feelings that were too trivial to be dealt with then. The mind preserves memory traces of everything it records and therefore remains burdened with these impressions. â€Å"Trains of thought, interrupted, undeveloped, or unsolved during the day are intertwined with material that has been repressed from the conscience† (Freud 593). Freud believed that when we sleep, we move from the conscious to the unconscious. In the unconscious mind, a person’s ability to repress dreams is diminished and they cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy, therefore an individual takes dreams to be truly happening as they experience them. Freud once said â€Å"Dreams are fancied dramatizations of disguised unconscious traumatic conflicts which the sleeping individual considers as happenings in the outside world since he cannot reject them. † He believed â€Å"the interpretation of dreams is the royal road to the unconscious† (Freud). Freud believed all dreams served a very important purpose. He held that dreams were a defense mechanism, with which one may express their aggravation or frustration preventing it from causing stress and tension in our daily lives. However, he believed the foremost reason for dreaming was to allow our subconscious mind to indirectly speak to us in order to gain knowledge about ourselves and to improve our lives overall. A dream, transient and ephemeral in nature, can easily be taken as nothing more than wild, imaginative thoughts and feelings the purpose of which can be controversially disputed for eternity. A dream is a fantastical voyage in our sleep, an unpredictable guided journey through the self, which teaches us about ourselves, helps us discover different aspects of our social and moral character, and makes us truly aware of our very own human instincts. Dreams awaken the past and offer us an escape from the present. Through dreams, our emotional, physical and social dilemmas may be much more clearly understood and conquered. Dreams contain our hopes, fears, and wishes through which careful interpretation may reveal even the most hidden parts of one’s subconscious. Trying to understand the subconscious mind is a very difficult task. Without concrete methods of studying it, dreams may be one of the only ways to approach it. One should not take for granted the vast possibilities of self-discovery present in dreams but instead employ them to their advantage and grow stronger as an individual. As Carl Jung, a notable philosopher and dream theorist once said, â€Å"it is good to learn the theories on dreaming, but remember what dreams are†¦a living soul†.

Texas State Agencies Essays - Substance Abuse, Child Abuse, Crimes

Texas State Agencies Back in the days where parents were 'involved' in there children's lives and worry free of any abuse of substances, abuse/neglect to the children or deficiancies in the children, there was no need for any state agencies to control and help what, if anything, went on. In todays society, though, there is a greater need than ever for Texas State agencies to do what they do. Also, more and more people today are joining in on the conveinience and ease of the World Wide Web that provides research, help/support and facts/statistics. *From here, we can go on to research and review the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse(TCADA), Protective and Regulatory Services(PRS) and the Texas Interagency Council on Early Childhood(ECI). All which deal with adolescents and young children. One of the most important issues that teens and parents are battling over is the fact that alcohol can damage and even prove to be fatal if underage drinking occurs. Kids always think they know more than their parents, growing up later in life, they learn that parents are usually the wisest people they know, but until that time, kids will be kids. Parents will continue to be naive and more kids will die because of alcohol relations. The website on TCADA is quite resourceful in showing how a parent can perhaps save their child from this number one drug for teens. From helping a parent to being aware, consequences about teen drinking, warning signs, protecting your child by giving straight talk from the start of pre-school until the age of eighteen, providing tips for parents, to knowing the facts,danger, penalties, resources, which help parents and getting involved in an action plan, the Texas Comission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse is the main research tool any parent could want in Texas. A very helpful part of the site, the Tips for Parents link provides parents with advice on getting more involved with their kids, giving reasonable support and rules and getting to know the kids they hang around along with their parents. TCADA's number one idea is in the Straight Talk link section to start talking with your kids when they are young. "Set a good example. 'Do as I say, not as I do' doesn't cut it with teens. Adolescents can understand that some things appropriate for adults aren not acceptable for teens. But keep that distinction sharp. Do not allow children to mix cocktails, bring you a beer or sip from your wine glass"(Protect your Child; Tips for Parents, TCADA). This is how most children get to know their liking for alcohol, which makes sense, considering parents are role models for a good majority of the childs life, monkey see, monkey do. In the Know the Facts section of TCADA's website there are nine additional sites to refer to if is needed. The Get Involved link provides action plans and help from national, state and local groups fighting underage drinking. It can never be too early to start talking to children about abuse of alcohol and other drugs. Another form of abuse takes place by a parent to a child. It is sickening that there must be a site for childrens protection, but none the less, it also provides information quite useful for a parent or a person who is witnessing or hearing about child abuse/neglect in Texas. The Protective and Regulatory Services of Texas states, "In Texas, in FY in 1997, 103 children died of abuse or neglect. In FY 1998, that number increased to 176 children died of abuse or neglect. For both of the years, 36 percent of the children had prior involvement with CPS"(http://www.tdprs.state.tx.us/news/factsheet.htm). Scroll down further on this site, and you will find the regions in Texas and how many children were abused/neglected. This site is informative in giving facts of 97-98 of child abuse reports. It also gives a 1998-99 Child Abuse Prevention Kit, Adoption registry,Volunteering opportunities and the Childrens Justice Act. The Legal Child Protective Definitions link is very helpful in describing what child abuse actually is. So many people see abuse, not realizing what it actually is or even thinking it's a good form a discipline the parent is using, when in all reality, we all know better. The Texas Child Fatality Review Team goes on to provide links to which can help you or someone you know help for children and their well-being. Perhaps, though, the most useful link is the 1999 Child Abuse Prevention Kit. It gives a list of resources you can use. It

Character Analysis Of Montresor Essays

Character Analysis Of Montresor Essays Character Analysis Of Montresor Paper Character Analysis Of Montresor Paper Mentors never explains what exactly Fortunate did to him, but considering how they interact with one another at the start of he story, it is very possible Poe knew about how real killers through history have been mentally disturbed in a way that warps how they view reality, such as taking great offence from something any other person may not even notice, as if someone forgot to say bless you after another person sneezed. Whatever the insult Mentors feels has been given to him by Fortunate, he explains that this time, he will get revenge. Mentors meets with Fortunate at some sort of social event. Fortunate appears to be very intoxicated. He tells he readers that Fortunate is dressed as a jester, in a striped outfit and a jester hat with bells. Fortunate greets Mentors with great warmth, that Mentors only feigns to return. Mentors then entices Fortunate to come to his home to see the barrel of Amontillado wine that he has acquired. Fortunate agrees and the two of them venture to Mentors large home, where he informs us that the servants just happen to be out tonight, and they II be completely alone. When they arrive, they descend into some sort Of crypt-like underground passage beneath the house. When they reach the end of the long subterranean crypt, they find a recessed area, about four feet deep, three feet wide, and seven feet high. Fortunate continues into this area with Mentors persuading the drunk to follow him into the smaller space. Fortunate is in fact so drunk that he is confused as Mentors chains him down to the floor of this small area. Fortunate is still asking for the Amontillado wine while Mentors brings in building supplies. Once Mentors starts building a wall at the entrance of this little area, Fortunate seems to sober up quickly. Mentors describes the sounds he hears as he builds, the jingling of Fortunate bells and the clanking of the chains. He is absolutely lost in the pleasure he seemingly has in this act of murder. Once the wall is about half-way up, Fortunate begins to panic and starts to scream, but Mentors simply teases him. Fortunate calms himself down a bit and tries to tell himself that this must be some kind of joke. Mentors cruelly humors him for a moment, also seeming to take pleasure in playing with Fortunate hope, another sign of a mentally disturbed killer. Soon Fortunate alkalizes its not a joke. He begs Mentors to spare him, and Mentors only responds by repeating his begging in a mocking manner. Suddenly, Mentors no longer hears Fortunate pleading. In yet another sign of a demented mind, Mentors feels the thirst for his victims anguished cries, and so he calls out to Fortunate, trying to get a response out of him. Fortunate does not respond. In hopes of getting Fortunate to respond in some way, Mentors throws a torch into the only open area left. He hears the tinkling of bells. He says his heart grew sick but only on the ;account of he dampness of the catacombs, and he finishes building the wall. Then he says the events happened fifty years ago before his recounting of this story. During this recount, which is the story itself, not once does Mentors show any hint of remorse or reconsideration of his act. If anything, Mentors is exceedingly proud of his perfect murder. This last bit of information utterly concludes that Mentors is some variation of a psychopath. Knowing this, it is very possible that poor Fortunate did not do anything at all to invoke Mentors wrath, aside from simply catching his attention. Mentors oldest very well chosen to kill Fortunate prior to hiding his body in the crypt wall, but instead Mentors choose the slowest and most painful method of murder he could come up with, simply because he wanted to feel his victim suffer. More often than not, a villain that is bad simply because he is mad or evil does not hold up to a deep character. Here however, Poe clearly shows that Mentors wasnt some simple man whom just decided to get rid of someone that bothered him one day. Instead, Poe shows us that Mentors was clearly an unstable person with a warped view on reality, feeling that his actions were completely justifiable, or flat out irrelevant. Mentors could even be pitied by the reader when we consider he may have had a mental illness that he simply couldnt cure. This doesnt justify his monstrous actions of course, but its things like these that make Mentors a well-written and complex character.

American literature Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American literature - Assignment Example Geography, movement, borders and regionalism have influenced American literature over the years. Interaction influenced the mode of writing as they got more ideas from other people who had moved into the country. America is a multicultural community, and there were different forms of literature, these included, African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, and women literature. The last years have seen a number of different voices into the American literature. They have helped bring the change in American literature. In the past, no one embraced African American literature, but the last years have seen the literature being embraced in the society and especially schools. All the literature including women literature is recognized showing how much American literature has developed. The gay and lesbian literature has also grown and Americans now recognizes that the genre has developed expansively. For example, Ellen Wittlinger’s, Hard Love that also won the best book award in 2000.The American literature expanded to include romantic writing, poetry and short stories. This came about after the introduction of the civil rights, and since then it has made the American literature to be limitless. â€Å"A street car named Desire† A streetcar named desire is a story of a woman Blanche Dubois who relocated to her sister’s house, and intended to live with her for quite a long time after losing the family house. Blanche seems to be lying about everything and tends to ‘avoid the light’. It is seen that Blanche is five years older than her sister is but she never wants to be under direct sunlight (Bradford). Blanche avoids light when it comes to her suitor Mitch and is not true to him. She does not want to tell him about her past, age and her fading beauty. Maybe she is avoiding reality because of what she had done in the past. Light symbolizes her activities in the past. Her life is governed by lies and living in an imaginary l ife. When Mitch knows her story, she forces her to admit that she had committed terrible things in her past. She tends to believe more in magic than the reality. She confesses to avoid the light because of the loss of her husband. She says that when her husband was alive, she experienced light in her life but after he died the bright light had been lacking in her life. Dim light is expressed when she has sexual relationships with other people. She avoids harsh light so that she does not have to see her fading beauty. She believes that by asserting her beauty upon younger men, she will be able to avoid death, and she will go back to her teenage bliss (Bradford). Prologue to Invisible man The invisible man is the story of a black man who tries to struggle in a divided society that does not see him as a human being (Ellison). The prologue to the invisible man involves a black man who claims to be invisible only because some people choose not to see him. Being invisible has been of grea t help, and at the same time has caused him frustration. He is not quite sure that he exists because of his invisibility and has him thinking why people do not seem to notice him. He would actually do anything to have other people notice him. However, his invisibility has earned him some free electricity without noticed, and he resides in an area where only the whites are allowed. He is, therefore, invisible to both the whites and the Monopolated Light and Power Company. This is to his advantage. The narrator due to his invisibility is called bad names

Assignment Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment Questions - Coursework Example it is starting clearly the manner in which the payment is to be done, and it has the name of the person paying and that of the payee and it has got the sign of the person promising to pay the money. That is Richard Bell paying Lorry Motors (Singh, 2005). This is the case that requires the application of the principles under agency. Conville is acting in the capacity of an agent of Hughesville Manufacturing Corp., and she needs to quote the name of the principal whenever she is dealing on principal’s behalf. When she failed to include the name of the principal means that she is liable for any damages for her actions (Gregory & Reuschlein, 2001). An agreement entered into by Mr. Zucchini and Henry involves the sale of goods law. The agreement bases on misrepresentation where the Garden Farm Equipment sold the tractor to Zucchini based on false information discovered by the profession i.e. the mechanic. The deal is, therefore, void and cannot be enforced in a law court, and if Henry goes to court, Zucchini will be declared not liable and, therefore, no payments for Henry and pay damages caused to Zucchini (McKendrick and Gullifer, 2000). Peralta, E. B., & Aquino, T. B. (2009). Handbook on summary and small claims procedure and bouncing checks law: with notes on ejectment and Katarungang Pambarangay law. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book

Marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Marketing - Article Example Change in consumers’ behavior can be seen. In the present century where consumers are faced with a turbo-charged variety of options, it is necessary to understand their needs and provide them with honesty, truth and advice about the product. Present day marketing is engaging people in a way so that they not only get entertainment, but also get the information that they want. It is no surprise that numerous companies and professionals are adopting new approaches to marketing for the better definition of their brands. But it is also important to understand where, how and what to market. It is also important to make best use of new technology while not obsolescing the old media. The trend which can be seen in new models of marketing is that all the consumers are moving online, predominantly the young ones. But we can’t say that print media is dying since it has its own significance. We have print and electronic media; marketing just needs to be done at the right place and at the right time. It could be through Internet, video games, print media, social networks or anything at all. There are brands and consumers. It is necessary to understand how to create relevant and meaningful conversations with them that engage and enlighten and make the consumers want to find us. Marketers should understand the consumers’ new and primarily used communication media such as mobile devices (and the apps on them), YouTube, blogs, emails and a must mention, social networking sites such as â€Å"Facebook†. Marketers can place their ads on Facebook, based on the demographics of the people they want to target. For example, Nokia may display its new smartphone ad on a teen’s profile page in a particular country and during different times. However, marketing may not only be limited to these media. In fact, each and every connection point with the consumer can

Television Analysis Of Jersey Shore

Television Analysis Of Jersey Shore The Jersey Shore is a reality TV show that has become one of the most popular shows in television today, and the producers are working on a season three. The show began in 2009, and since has had two seasons, which were widely viewed by many people. Some question, What is this show all about, and I reply that it is a show consisting of eight young people; Paul DelVicchio, Nicole Polizzi, Michael Sorrentino, Sammi Giancola, Ronnie Ortiz Magro, Jenni Farley, Vinny Guadagnino, and Angelina Pivarnick. All these people are young Italian people that come to a beach house, and basically just have fun. They all party, go out to clubs, drink alcohol uncontrollably, have sex, and just act like the stereotypical young person. Jersey Shore is not a survivor type reality show, or even a fear factor type reality show, but in my opinion, it is a bunch of young people that act immature, do bad things to have fun, and just make fools out of themselves in front of the whole country. However, Jersey Shore tries to make it seem like they are really good people because they work some of the time on the show in minimum wage jobs, but the times that those scenes are shown, the time frame is very minimal. Thus, this shows that the show is trying to show that they are doing something productive, but then again it shows the bad things more often because those are what are most interesting to society. So, the Jersey shore is a show that portrays young people to be the stereotypical young person, and in a sense persuades the people of America that this is how young people act. Additionally, the show portrays genders in ways that seem to be stereotypical as well. Gender Roles on the Jersey Shore (female) Females are often criticized by men that if they dont look like a real woman, then theyre not worth talking to. Meaning, if they do not wear makeup, dress up to show sex appeal, wear high heels, do their hair, they are not worth the time. However, this does not exist in the Jersey Shore because that is exactly what all the women do on the show. For instance, before they go to the club in basically every episode there will be a scene being shown that shows them getting ready, and that includes the women putting on makeup, sexually appealing clothes, and doing their hair. For instance in Episode 12, Season Two you see all the girls getting ready and Nicole Snookie Polizzi says We got to get ready and make sure we look good before we go to the club, (mtv.com) Thus, the show portrays the female as if they have to look good to go out, and wear nice clothes, and make sure their hair is done, which in my view, is really not the way most women are. Furthermore, when looking past that idea of the way women are supposed to look, I discovered that the show also portrays women to be the type that just want to have sex all the time and find good looking males. For instance, in just about every episode the women are always talking about the places to go to see all these good looking men, and how they would like to have sex with them. Additionally, when they go in the clubs, they dance rather sexually and get very close to their male counterparts in the club. So, perhaps, the Jersey Shore is trying to send the message that if you are going to clubs, you will meet women like this, and I find that to be a very stereotypical bias because not all women go to the clubs to simply dance dirty, and have sex. Hence, I believe that the Jersey Shore portrays women to be sex objects that love going out and showing off their bodies. Gender roles (male) Male gender role in the show is portrayed differently from women, but it does have a similarity. Men on the show are shown to be huge ripped guys that are very clean looking. That is where the similarity comes in between the male and female roles because they both are being portrayed as what people want in a man or woman, based on the media portrayal in this society. Additionally, the show stereotypes masculinity because Jersey Shore makes it seem like you have to look this way to be masculine, which means having a six pack, or being ripped. Moreover, the show does not only show male masculinity to be a role, but also shows male dominance to be a major role. For instance, in Season Two, Episode 11, Mike The Situation Sorrentino says to Nicole Snooki Polizzi when they are in the club that Im the man of the house, and when I say it is time to go, and then we go. Ive always done this when we have gone out. I always round people up(mtv.com), but words can only express so much, so you wou ld actually have to see it before your very own eyes to see how he believes he is dominant over Nicole Snooki Polizzi. In contrast, I believe that the show also shows men in a feministic way. The reason I say that is because the men on the show are often doing things typical of a woman. For example, the guys will go out and get a tan at a tanning salon, which is often seen being done by women. In addition, the guys, like the women, spend a lot of time doing their hair, getting dressed, and basically they just spend their time on themselves. However, I believe this is done purposely to show that they are clean, and that the male gender can too care about his body. Although they do that purposely, I believe viewers will still question how truly realistic is this reality show. So, gender roles in the show are portrayed in an way that intentionally try to attract viewers, but knowledgeable people will be able to tell that these are not the way all men and women are. Negative influence on young people Jersey Shore is a show that heavily stereotypes young people, but in my opinion, they do not take into consideration the negative effects they can have on the younger crowd. The younger people in America are often brainwashed by the media and believe everything that is being told or broadcasted. Therefore, Jersey Shore is a prime example of a show that can have these negative effects. The effects it might have differ between the genders, but when you look at the bigger picture it is quite similar. It is similar because most young people that are watching the show might now believe that they should act like these stereotypical young people are acting. However, they might not realize that this is not truly a hundred percent correct, and that this can possibly have a negative influence on their lives if they choose to act this way. In my opinion, I believe that what they do on the show will have a negative influence on a younger persons life because they would now start drinking more, clubbing more, having sex more, which all could result in negative outcomes. For instance, drinking could lead to an alcohol problem, clubbing could lead to sex, which can ultimately lead to a sexually transmitted disease that can be life threatening. So, younger people are potentially in danger when absorbing these false ideas and actions being portrayed on the show, and this can cause a number of problems in society itself to increase just because of one show. Alcohol addiction can increase, number of minors entering clubs can increase, and the most devastating thing would be if sexually transmitted diseases increase, which already seem to be on the rise. So, I have said what the show can do to people, but this is mainly considering people that already do these things. However, a bigger problem could be the effects it has on the people who do not do these negative things in their lives, and that is what could cause a significant increase in those areas I mentioned above. Thus, I believe that this will in fact affect the young people who do not already do these things, and that could be very bad for society. It could be bad for society because when you look at the long term effect this can have it can seem quite terrifying. It can seem terrifying because imagine the death rate increase due to some of these issues, and that can cause emotional problems, family problems, and to think this could be the long term effect all because of one show is just horrible. Therefore, I believe that the Jersey Shore presents many stereotypes that can have very negative outcomes on peoples lives if they try to imitate these people. Unrealistic Message of Partying Some might argue that this is all that is done on the show, but some might disagree, but partying seems to happen quite frequently on Jersey Shore. In every show the crew gathers up at least once at night and goes to the club and parties. However, it is done so often, it starts to seem unrealistic. It begins to seem unrealistic because it is portrayed as if All young people have time to do is go out and party all the time, but that is definitely not true because people that are in school, or who are young parents, or working a full time job will in most cases, not have the time to be partying like they do on the Jersey Shore. So, with that being said, I believe that if America believes that this is how young people are in this country, then I have proven my point that the media brainwashes society. Furthermore, Jersey Shore portrays partying as fun, which shows that they are generalizing the idea that partying and clubbing is fun. However, once again Jersey Shore is showing another way it tries to bring in the viewers of America. Although they portray clubbing to be fun, but that does not mean everyone thinks that it is fun. Sometimes, people say that clubbing is for young single people just trying to find a partner, which I agree with. Additionally, this relates to the show stereotyping young people because they are assuming that all young people like to go partying and clubbing, which is also not true, and I am a prime example of that because I do not like partying or clubbing, and I believe there are better alternatives to meet people or find a partner, such as attending an event of some sort. Therefore, I believe that Jersey Shore intentionally attacks these stereotypes to attract a person in this society who does not know much about media, and believes everything that is p ortrayed by them. Therefore, many people that are like this will watch the Jersey Shore, and did for the past two seasons. Advice for watching Jersey Shore is a show that you should watch with a stereotyping in mind. That Stereotyping is used so much in the show you might even forget how many times it appears. So, when you are watching this show, dont believe everything that you see, and try to mock these people. They are a bunch of people who getting a high salary to act like this because this is what the producers believes America wants to see based on the medias portrayal of young people in todays society, which you can argue is true because it is the most watch show on MTV in years. However, I do advise you that if you start to act like these people it can have very negative effects on your life. For example, if you start drinking like this, you could possibly become an alcoholic, which can lead to severe liver damage, family problems, and even a self addiction problem that may be very hard to overcome. Additionally, if you start having sex as frequently as these people do, you will eventually get a STD because these people are kissing, touching, and doing all those lustful things with many different people, and statistics show how easy it is in todays world to receive an STD when you are with numerous partners. As a result, you might receive a life threatening STD, such as aids. All in all, the main advice I would give you when watching the show is watch it as a show. So, watch it as a TV show and not as a reality show because the things being presented in the show in my opinion are just not real. So, watch this show for pleasure, but dont try to imitate these people because they would not be able to spend all that money on their hair, clothes, clubs, etc, if they did not ge t paid by MTV. So, I know most people will not listen to my advice, but ultimately I think it needs to be said. Conclusion Jersey Shores main point is to portray young people that are good looking, cool, and what people want based on stereotypes. Jersey Shore was a show that brought MTV back on its feet because MTV was a show that was showing steady decline in its viewers for the past several years until the Jersey Shore aired. Thus, I believe that the producers came up with a good idea that would pull viewers in and watch this show. However, what theyre doing cannot only affect the young minds of America, but cause an increase in other problems such as alcohol addiction, underage clubbing, and most of all sexually transmitted diseases. So, I believe that Jersey Shore has accomplished its goal by stereotyping young people because many people in this country watched the show, and still do. In conclusion, the effects this show can be negative, or could be positive, but it is your decision to watch, so with that being said, will you watch.

Essays --

Moral Implications in the Cuban Missile Crisis Morality has been a constant in the foreign policy of the United States of America (U.S.A.). When it comes to the affairs of the world the U.S.A usually tries to make things right and stop evil. Some of the examples of morality playing a role in America’s decisions in foreign policy are the decision to combat the Barbary pirates, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and most recently, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. One thing that all of these situations have in common is that it involved the United States basically saying that she would not stand for immorality. One story that has not been investigated is the â€Å"morality element† card and the role of that variable in the choosing of a strategy in the Cuban Missile Crisis. This paper will examine the â€Å"morality element† and how by concentrating on that element the U.S.A successfully brought the Cuban Missile Crisis to an end. Cold War Reaches Boiling Point From 1945 to 1961, this â€Å"war† had some tense moments, but the Cold War hit its boiling point in 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis. During this time, John F. Kennedy was the leader of the United States while Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union. When tensions began to rise in October 1962 these two men would decide whether the world would live to see another day or the world cease to exist. In regards to the Soviet Union and the threat of nuclear war, Kennedy stated that â€Å"[t[o be an American in the next decade will be a hazardous experience. [This nation] will live on the edge of danger. Freedom and communism are locked in a deadly embrace.† Kennedy would also state in his Inaugural Address that the United States w... ...iet Union now had missiles in countries that were very close to them. If the U.S. made the Soviet Union angry or vice versa then the world could be in danger of ceasing to exist. The next part of the Cuban Missile Crisis was very crucial to saving the future of the world. The Soviets Are Caught Red Handed As stated previously, the U.S. did not know about the missiles in Cuba, but that would change very quickly. One of the most crucial days of the Cuban Missile Crisis was October 13th, 1962. On this day, a U-2 plane flew over Cuba and took some photographs before returning safely to Florida where these photographs were developed, so that the U.S. could find out exactly what the Soviet Union was doing in Cuba. The information in these photographs was stunning. Basically what these photographs revealed was the missiles that had been put in Cuba by the Soviet Union.

Dimmesdale the Lying Coward

Cooper Chisum Dimmesdale the Lying Coward In the book The Scarlet Letter, a character named Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale was considered to be, by most people in the Puritan community, a hero. Dimmesdale was an extremely religious man with great morals and values. Many people in the community looked up to him for his passion and truth about his religious beliefs. Dimmesdale was a very reserved man, and was thought to be an angel of God. People worshiped him, believed what he said, and looked at him as hero.Unfortunately the community was left completely devastated and confused, because Dimmesdale was a lying coward that didn’t find the strength to admit his sin. Dimmesdale knew how the community saw him and could not face the truth, so he hid it. Dimmesdale lived two different lives, one was the religious face that everyone loved and looked up too. On the other hand, when he was alone all he did was beat himself up mentally and physically.Soon the guilt made Dimmesdale weaker and weaker and he wanted to tell the truth, and tried multiple times, but he never found the courage. He allowed the guilt of lying and manipulating the people to eventually kill him all because he couldn’t deal with what the community might think. Nobody in the town imagined him committing of sin of any kind, especially one that was a huge wrong doing in the Puritan community. Dimmesdale hid a secret behind the mask he wore for the community. He had courage to commit the sin but he did not have the courage to admit it.He committed adultery with a woman, she got pregnant, caught and punished by public humiliation because of him, but he couldn’t accept the consequences. On the other hand, he was tortured not only by his conscience; he was beat down by Roger Chillingworth. Eventually Dimmesdale was destined to die because he could not survive the guilt. Surprisingly in a last show of strength, Dimmesdale admits to his sin, but dies soon after. He died and left the community , his people with no explanation.In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathanial Hawthorne, Dimmesdale proves that he is a coward by not being able to do the right thing and tell the truth. He lived a double life. He was a hero to so many people and all he did was let them down. He lost their trust and honor towards him, all because he could face the consequenses. Arthur Dimmesdale is a pathetic lying coward that didn’t have the confidence or power to make things right and follow what he preached to people of the Puritan community. He didn’t have the courage to live by everything he made other people believe in.

Stranger Existentalism essays

Stranger Existentalism essays Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes a few main points, such as the freedom to choose and the choices you make should be made without the assistance of another person or standard. From the existentialist point of view you must accept the risk and responsibility of your choices and follow the commitment to wherever it leads. Someone that is put in a particular situation understands it far more than someone looking in on that same situation, one commonly used situation that appears often in existentialist writing is that of death. The existentialist should learn to accept death when the time has to come and should know that the most important questions in life are not accessible to reason or science. Acting on your own experiences is essential in arriving at the truth and man is condemned to be free. (Sartre) There were two parts in The Stranger that helped me better understand existentialism the most. One part of the novel that helped me to understand existentialism better was when Meursault shot the Arab on the beach and how he handled the situation afterwards. The Arab had drawn his knife and held it up to Meursault, but this wasn't what bothered him, it was the light from the sun that shot off the Arabs knife, and the intense heat along with the salt from his sweat in his eyes that was bothering him. Meursault shot the Arab mainly because he was uncomfortable and not because he felt threatened, but in any case he made the decision to shoot him. In the next chapter Meursault can't understand why he would need an attorney for his case because it's simple to him, he had murdered a man and was now ready to pay the consequences. He had made a choice that might not have been the right one but he accepted it and was ready to go through with his decision to wherever it would lead. The other part in The Stranger that helped me to understand existentialism better was at the end of the novel when Meursault is se ...

Bureaucracy and post

Bureaucracy and post Over the past, different theories and ideas on management have continued to develop at high rate due to the increased regulatory restructuring as well as flexibility to meet the customer demands (Du Gay, 2000). In addition, to circumvent the problems of ambiguity in dealing with the customers, organizations are embracing different modes of management to achieve efficient output.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, the policies underlying the administration of organizations have increasingly become ambiguous and complicated. Therefore, organizations have a responsibility of either restructuring their organizational ideologies based on the structural design or focusing on the public administrators and the way they should function to maximize their output (Du Gay, 2000). Bureaucracy The paradigm of bureaucracy is a theory of management that is center ed on the organizational structure. Hierarchy is a significant element of a bureaucratic organization. The significance of bureaucracy is to ensure faster and free delivery as well as accountability in the performance of assignments. Korczynski (2004) provided examples of bureaucratic organizations such as INSCO where team leaders are hierarchically appointed. Further, at the ADBK and CBK, the approval officers who check mortgage applications are to forward their findings to the supervisor for consent. Bureaucratic organizations also emphasize on the delegation of tasks that every member has to fulfill in order to achieve the goals of the organization (Korczynski, 2002). For example, in the bureaucratic organizations, the abilities of the approval officers are expected to process a given number of application forms per days. Another important issue emphasized by the bureaucratic organizations is the adherence to the written procedures in conducting their businesses. Such procedures ensure efficiency in their operations. There is evidence of record keeping as well as written communication protocol that every employee must follow. The communication protocol must also be followed in communicating with the clients. In Korczynski (2004) study of several organizations indicates workers exposed to several memos directing them on how they should carry out correspondence with the clients.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an attempt to operate efficiently, bureaucratic organizations do not operate smoothly and hence have their points of weaknesses (Korczynski, 2003). For instance, rules in a bureaucratic organization have to be adhered to the latter in the way they are written irrespective of any situation that might arise. As a result, many firms applying this paradigm are unable to operate efficiently (Alvesson Thompson, 2005). Further, within an organization, each unit works effectively on the delegated tasks to contribute to the overall aspirations as well as the goals of the firm. However, in organizations practicing bureaucracy, the situation is different. For example, the approval officers at times deal in complex matters reserved for experts leading to working on cross-purposes. In fact, unimpressive outcomes as well as huge expenditures are results of ineffective contacts between different departments of an organization (Korczynski et al., 2000). Bureaucratic organizations are also characterized by routine tasks. As such, the repetition of the same tasks by the employees daily makes the work boring. In addition, employees normally find it difficult dealing with the colleagues based on their stipulated guidelines and the roles as opposed to individuals (Korczynski, 2003). Moreover, bureaucratic models always face heavy criticism due to its impersonal nature that does not take into account the diversities in the prefere nces among employees (Callaghan Thompson, 2001). Post-bureaucratic models Post-bureaucratic organizations play a very critical role in reducing the hierarchies in the organizations to enable a more actor-centered approach in the performance of their activities (Alvesson Thompson, 2005). The organizations achieve this by increasing the involvement of their employees in their public activities as well as self-presentations to their clients. Further, post bureaucratic organizations develop their employees through the indoctrination of shared corporate interests, beliefs and norms among the personnel in the performance of their tasks (Alvesson Thompson, 2005). In this sense, the employees become part and parcels of the organizational control. Interestingly, the neo-bureaucratic models consider employees’ diverse personal and emotional attributes as sources of strategic resources in realizing their general organization goals (Sturdy et al., 2010).Advertising We will wri te a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For the most part, the post-bureaucracy improves the pleasure accrued by employees in performing their tasks through the provision of liberty of individuality as well as emotional expression to the personnel. Moreover, the post-bureaucratic corporate governance has little aspects of conventional designed hierarchies in terms of job descriptions as well as work rosters (Sturdy et al., 2010). Despite the successes that have been realized by the neo-bureaucratic organizations in their operations, there has been increasing concerns about what researchers call the fun side of work. Studies have shown that the best place for work is a tight work market (Korczynski, 2004). Further, moving away from the hierarchies is prone to increased problems. For instance, the decentralization of functions among the employees has the effect of creating a more porous per iphery among different departments as well as increased elasticity of responsibilities (Mulholland, K 2002). As a result, the organization faces difficulties in the offering of career paths to its employees. Further, the organization faces an impediment of rewarding devotion of its customers. While post-bureaucratic organizations highly value adaptability in their performance and the utilization of the workforce’s proficiency, most of these organizations have continuously remained fragmented based on specified tasks to employees (Sturdy et al., 2010). Moreover, firms embracing the post-bureaucratic paradigm have to redesign themselves in accordance to the new requirements. However, firms have failed to use standardized procedures such as business process engineering in trying to adjust to the models of neo-bureaucracy. Even with the diminishing ambiguities in the operations of the firms, the standardization of remuneration scales have faced serious obstacles since they are gr ounded on the bureaucratic models of management (Korczynski, 2004). Additionally, the amalgamation of rules and apparent best practices as well as fear of legal actions has immensely contributed to the expansion in the codes of conduct in many firms leading to the bureaucratization of operations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The co-existence of post-bureaucratic and bureaucratic in the organization A clear connection between bureaucracy and neo-bureaucracy characterized by modernization as well as inventiveness in organizations is evident. The paradigm of bureaucracy is depicted as a model of an organization that is characterized by the inflexibility and fixed roles of employees (Korczynski, 2004). Further, the continuous repetition of specified tasks by employees is monotonous. In essence, the bureaucratic models ignore the need to embrace modernism in their operations. In order to overcome such impediments, embracing modernization of business operations that provide room for creativity as well as the flexibility among employees is vital (Korczynski et al., 2000). Through the modernization of the corporate models, the business is able to change its operational strategies by implementing new ideas that involve the employees in taking part in the affairs of the organization directly. In essence, with dev elopment of neo-control models, transforming bureaucracies as well as their ability to embrace modernism is vital. Studies show that the hierarchical system in most bureaucratic organizations encourages conventionality (Korczynski, 2004). On the contrary, the application of modern paradigms of management promotes creativity among employees. Therefore, it is evident that bureaucracies are unable to offer the right environment for the inspiration of employees’ skills and expertise (Mulholland, K 2002). However, bureaucracies are significantly important as far as the growths of the employees’ professionalism are concerned. In other words, acknowledgment of increasing aptitude as well as necessary fulfillments accrued by the employees is the effects of bureaucracy (Korczynski, 2004). In addition, it is worth noting that bureaucratic form of organizations management faces heavy criticism on the repeat tasks since it takes creativity away from the workers. Further, it makes the employees develop monotony in performing a task repetitively. Conversely, an organization based on the neo-bureaucratic models embraces flexibility as well as the compliance to its employees thereby increasing the creativity of its employees (Sturdy et al., 2010). Therefore, in both models of organization, conception of modern ways of management is vital for achievement. However, ensuring the stability between the modernization and the economies of scale is not an administrative idea in the bureaucratic organizations. Even though the research shows employees are complaining about the factors restraining their innovativeness such as the repetition of tasks, there is also a prospect of specialization due to the large size of the corporation (Korczynski, 2004). Moreover, it is evident that the managerial practices greatly impose a great impediment for exploitation of innovativeness by the employees. Therefore, bureaucratization implies a work environment unfavorable for improvement due to institutional inflexibility in these organizations. References Alvesson, M Thompson, P 2005, Post-bureaucracy? Oxford University press, Oxford. Callaghan, G Thompson, P 2001, â€Å"Edwards revisited: technical control and call centers,† Economic and Industrial Democracy, vol.22 no.4, pp.13–27. Du Gay, P 2000, In praise of bureaucracy, Sage, London. Sturdy, A Fleming, P Delbridge, R 2010, Normative control and beyond in contemporary capitalism, Palgrave, London. Korczynski, M 2002, Human resource management in service work, Palgrave, Basingstoke. Korczynski, M 2003, Industrial relations and consumer capitalism, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Korczynski, M 2004, â€Å"Back-office service work: bureaucracy challenged?† Work, Employment and Society, vol.18 no.1, pp.97-114. Korczynski, M Shire, K, Frenkel, S Tam, M 2000, â€Å"Service work in consumer capitalism,† Work, Employment and Society, vol.14 no.4, pp.669–87. Mulholland, K 2002, â €Å"Gender, emotional labour and teamworking in a call centre,† Personnel Review, vol.31 no.3, pp.283–303.

Germany and the Germans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany and the Germans - Essay Example Many people are unable to determine whether Hitler is a Christian, Muslim or he does not belief in God due to some of his controversial conversations that were against Christianity religion. However, Hitler’s table talk varies because of varied extraneous sources and interpretations recorded in varied languages. Summary One of the aspects that Hitler in his private conversations talks about is the nature of God. He talks about the laws and nature that will guide people towards the progress path, but quotes that people will not know anything about these laws (Hitler et.al 4). The understandings of human beings cannot envisage of other plans and human being has only discovered in nature the wonderful ideas through worshipping the laws. Therefore, people have a feeling for the all-might, whom they call God, who is the control of the natural laws of the whole cosmos. Therefore, a priest who has always followed and abides by the natural laws threatens humanity that humankind will r eceive a punishment in case they fail to accept the creed that they impose to them. Therefore, it is an issue of custom and habit in case humanity follows the part of such creed. Hitler talks of Russians being atheism because they do not believe in God, but that does not necessarily mean that they are not able to face death. Secondly, Hitler’s table talks are also presented where he argues that National Socialism and religion cannot go hand in hand (Hitler, et.al 4). Therefore, the author argues Christians should not be persecuted in case the National Socialism is ruling. The ultimate solution to these is that the religion should be left to gulp down themselves without harassment and discrimination. The church should not be replaced by something else because that would be dreadful. For instance, in England, the church is governed by the state but in America, it is all an issue of conformism. The people of Germany have outstanding patience but there are other people who are ca pable of undertaking a revolution in the universe (Hitler et.al. 4). This could be better in case the Germany people would make the moral laws their governing principles in any action they take. Thirdly, Hitler talks about the issue of the rebirth of industries in Germany and the trade competition among the Germany and the British people. Hitler.et.al (11) argues the way Germany people work but they do not get the proper salary, which they deserve. Their capabilities are well recognized but the reality is that they live only by their work, which makes them a contempt object to the people whom they serve. This accounts as to why Germany people received little empathy during the Anglo-Saxon world just before the WWI. However, due to large population growth, the Germany people had to migrate and the issues of policy affairs in the state were incorporated in the labor cycle to safeguard those who were paid poorly. During the trade period, the form of production that were considered in G ermany included coal and steel in Germany industries. However, the England paid higher prices and the competition between Germany and England increased; thus England became a rich nation. The millionaires exploited the poor and they reaped a lot of fruits from the toil of other people. England flourished

Business and Political Trends in Japan and China Research Paper

Business and Political Trends in Japan and China - Research Paper Example   Among the biggest complaints that Japan’s trading partners have made over the years is that its domestic market is not as competitive as it should be. This assertion has been found to be true especially when one considers that the Japanese government is partly responsible for this lack of competition within its market. The Japanese government has adopted such hindering policies as the imposition of high tariffs as well as heavy regulations which have ensured that it is extremely difficult for other countries to conduct business within Japan (Mito & Sakurada, 2003). In addition, the extremely concentrated nature of the Japanese market has led to a situation where it is very difficult for companies from other countries to place their products within it which can effectively compete with domestic products; a factor which is essentially discouraging for foreign investors. It is mainly because of the abovementioned situations that it has become necessary for the Japanese govern ment to put in place those policies which not only encourage the deregulation of its markets but also works towards the development of stronger antitrust laws that aid all the businesses that operate within its economy. While it has been argued that the Japanese market is concentrated, this situation has come to be alleviated over the years as it has been reported that when compared to the market of the United States, the Japanese market has become less concentrated while that of the latter has essentially remained the same.   

Destination Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Destination Management - Coursework Example The interface between sex tourism and business developments offer an unlimited point of reference and this provides total development of the sector. (Hughes, 5) There is growing access to cities, beaches and a host of places which were thought to be very unproductive. There is abundance of benefits that sex tourism brings and this is fully dependent on the community’s perception and the political landscape. The international travel facilitates sex tourism across popular destinations. Further, there are various places that are actively involved in promoting sex tourism and this offers specific reason why you should embrace all that it offers. While examining the reasons why sex tourism is gaining ground, you should look at beliefs and tradition and how it provides stimulus to the economy. As such, the process of tourism development is truly dependent on what many people expect, including the changing trend in woman’s understanding of sex. (Ritcher, 1) Tourism classification according to ethnicity provides a focus for people to forely understand and define the levels of fulfilling tourism trends. Ethnic group’s participation in tourism activities would be classified according to holiday-taking experiences and this when compared to white population; the results demonstrate a huge margin. Many factors influence minority groups and this hugely explain why their tourism levels are low. Most importantly, it is thought that most of these groups get minimal earnings and this is comparatively low and well below the required scale. Further, there is a remarkable higher unemployment rate among these groups. The relevance of employment among the minority has taken a big trend and this brings about a negative impact on their financial positions. There are several cases of poor living conditions and which are not attractive and which do not provide for adequate support for their outings and general touring.

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay The short story, The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson is one pf the most shocking stories I have ever read. It caused controversy when it was published in a New York newspaper and for good reason. The ending is very unsettling and I would even categorize it as a horror story. The picture the story paints prepares you for the exact opposite of what actually happens, making this a confusing, yet unforgettable story. It is hard to figure out what the message is in this story. Starting from the beginning there are many things one must notice upon a second reading. Subtle symbolism is used in a genius manner so that only on a second reading can the reader understand what the author is doing in every paragraph she writes. Throughout the story we are never sure about what exactly this lottery is, which keeps the reader in suspense. The story begins with a cheerful mood. It is summertime in a small town of 300 people. Every character comes off as friendly and full of positive energy. Jackson sets the scene for a beautiful day by describing growing flowers and beautiful grass. The reader is reeled into a peaceful mood and becomes comfortable in knowing this is peaceful story. The only confusion in the beginning is when the children are gathering stones and making piles of them. The reader may indicate the children will be throwing the stones, yet in a childlike playful manner and no violent premonitions can be made due to the peaceful setting counteracting and overpowering any violent thoughts. The interaction between characters is 100% friendliness. The story informs us that everybody in town is gathering at the town square, which is located between a post office and a bank. At first this means nothing extraordinary until you realize that no other buildings are mentioned. No courts or police stations, which are usually found in a towns square, are mentioned. No mentions of authority whatsoever except for Mr. Summers, who runs the yearly lottery. It is also interesting how we are informed that he runs a Halloween program, which is known for trickery, yet no other holidays are mentioned. The mood of the story seems to take a turn when we learn about the villagers reaction to the black box that holds the lottery slips. They seem to be  nervous around the box. Once the winner was found, we notice his reaction is not a good one. Then we read on to find that the villagers will throw stones at the winner until they kill him. This is done so casually that it creates an eerie feeling as we read how the villagers surround the victim and prepare to kill him. The story ends there. The Lottery is definitely an interesting tale by Shirley Jackson. But what is she implying by this story? Surely she didnt write this ending because she felt it was cool. There is a not so obvious message we must analyze. My conclusion leads me to believe that this is a story about tradition. The villagers follow tradition without even knowing why the tradition exists. In the story, Old Man Warner states, Theres always been a lottery he said petulantly. In this statement, the reader sees the most ignorant of all excuses for doing anything. This, however, seems normal for the community. The reader then discovers That much of the ritual had been forgotten or discarded, Mr. Summers had been successful in having slips of paper substituted for the chips of wood that had been used for generations.' While reading, the reader starts to understand the lottery tradition from which many rules and regulations disappeared for convenience reasons. This leads the reader to believe that the villagers do not truly understand the origins of the lottery. Mrs. Jackson states The people had done the lottery so many times that they only half listed to the directions?' In this passage, the reader learns through the nonchalant ness of the villagers actions that an important event does not gander much attention. They kill the victim simply because its tradition. To put it simply, the author is trying to say that you shouldnt do things simply because others have done them. There may be a better way of doing things. I think she is implying that traditions found across the globe may be foolish at times and people should think logically and not do things simply because they were born doing it, like the baby who is handed stones, yet to make sense out of things, and discard those which do not make much sense. This is a strong message in todays society where tradition may cause destruction and hate amongst human beings. I could be wrong, but if I am correct, those who read should learn a powerful lesson and take a look at  their beliefs and make the right change.

Critical Thinking And Education Philosophy Essay

Critical Thinking And Education Philosophy Essay After providing a conceptual foundation of pragmatism, rationality, objectivity, and the goals of education, a discussion of critical thinking is made to present a concept of critical thinking which is 1) normative; 2) comprising of skill, ability, and habits of mind; and 3) acquiring intellectual resources. To address the vagueness of the concept itself, this review lends itself to the work of Israel Scheffler and Harvey Siegel, in order to provide a defensible proposal on how critical thinking can be infused within the educational curriculum. Critical thinking as an educational aim The current interest placed on critical thinking in the education context is well-founded. Citing Scheffler, Combs (2009) stated that education should be centrally concerned with developing rationality, reasonableness, and critical thought (p. 175). Moreover, Siegel (1988) provided the underlying principles on why critical thinking must be emphasized in youth education. First, because the youth make up the crop of tomorrows leaders, the education system must enable them to develop critical thinking as a tool towards a productive and rewarding life. Second, the development of critical thinking is viewed as a moral obligation of administrators and teachers to instill in students the ability to treat diverse views with respect and foster a climate of open-mindedness. Siegel thought that preventing students to critically think was a form of oppression. Third, the thrust of critical thinking is consistent with the belief that rationality is key towards a productive life for all. Fourth, i n line with Deweys thoughts on pragmatism, critical thinking is a crucial element of democratic citizenship. Scheffler further describes critical thinking as an educational ideal which would allow children to assess their beliefs, desires, actions, and their cognitive and non-cognitive emotions based on appropriate criteria or standards and good reason, and engaged them in the critical dialogues that relate to every area of civilization (Scheffler, 1991, p. 64). Education should not only be aimed at the development of critical abilities, but also at the development of the cognitive emotions and virtues, the critical attitude (Scheffler, 1991). Every educator must endeavor to ensure that all children blossom into critical thinkers. Critical thinking is significant to the ethics, epistemology, content, and manner of education (Siegel, 1988). Its ramifications are broad in scope and pose serious implications to society at large, not only to persons being educated. The key aspects of critical thinking include rational virtues (skills and dispositions to judge in an impartial manner) and to deli berate with objectivity, even disregarding self-interest in the process. These elements are indispensable to moral education (Scheffler, 1973). In science education, critical thinking ability helps students evaluate the strength of reasons and the defensibility of arguments in order to evaluate which among competing paradigms or theories is best. Critical thinking is also an indispensable aspect of the practical component of education. The skills and know-how of students which figure prominently into the curriculum require critical thinking. Reading, spelling, and mathematics do not only require processual skills but the ability to apply criteria or good reasoning to specific domains of inquiry. While operative principles may be taught, students need critical thought to practice these skills effectively. Furthermore, in the context of teaching, critical thinking is reinforced by a teachers critical spirit considered a principal obligation (Scheffler, 1973). In the context of teachi ng, good teaching requires educators to develop in students the skills and attitudes as described in the two-component theory of critical thinking which will be discussed later (Siegel, 1988). Critical thinking: a normative concept That critical thinking is a normative concept means that it is an educational ideal a goal that educators and administrators must strive to aim. It also means that critical thinking is considered generally relevant in the educational realm. As an educational ideal, critical thinking is helpful in organizing the educational enterprise as well as set objectives of educational efforts. Mainly, critical thinking as a normative concept addresses the questions of 1) the purpose of education, and 2) the manner of education. Our basic concept of critical thinking is essentially a normative notion, i.e. that critical thinking is in some sense good thinking. It is the quality of the thinking, not the processes of thinking, which distinguishes critical from uncritical thinking. In addition to deciding how to describe critical thinking activities and standards, we need to decide the boundaries of critical thinking, i.e. what sorts of tasks we see critical thinking as encompassing. Critical thinking is sometimes contrasted with problem solving, decision making, issue analysis and inquiry. Terms such as `problem solving and `decision making designate rather general kinds of thinking tasks. But, carrying out these tasks typically requires one to make a number of judgments, and the thinking that leads to these judgments can either fulfill relevant standards of good thinking. One may solve a problem in a critical or an uncritical manner. So, problem solving, decision making, etc., are best seen as arenas in which critical thinking should take place rather than as other kinds of thinking to be contrasted with critical thinking. Critical thinking draws from rationality and reasonableness as fundamental concepts (Scheffler, 1982). However, critical thinking is considered not only an element of rationality but an aspect which co-exists with it (Siegel, 1997). As such, critical thinking may be considered an educational cognate of rationality since it emphasizes both on beliefs and actions (p. 2). By this definition alone, we can consider the critical thinker as an individual who is motivated by reasons both in thought and action. Siegels reasons conception consists of two components: reason assessment and critical spirit; the former deals with the epistemic realm of reasons while the latter focuses on the motivational realm. This theory merits additional discussion. The two-component theory of critical thinking 1. The reason assessment component Siegel considers the critical thinker as an individual possessing the skill and ability to evaluate reasons and arguments using logical or epistemic standards. Siegel (Reason and Education, 1997) quoted Schefflers view that the critical thinker is not just being moved by reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by by appropriate reasons (p. 20). What this means is that a critical thinker takes it within himself or herself the epistemic responsibility for this thoughts. To be appropriately moved by good reasons is to consciously accept and appreciate the importance of having evidential force to justify thought and actions. In determining what standards are considered meritous, Scheffler (as cited in Siegel, Reason and Education, 1997) said: However, what reasons are appropriate is not fixed once and for ever. It depends on principles which themselves are the result of evolving traditions and may be different for various domains. There are no fixed foundations. The most fundamental presupposition underlying Schefflers epistemology and philosophy of education is the possibility of rational evaluation of principles of rationality. (p. 21) While the acceptability of reasons is not fixed, Schefflers (1973) epistemology of rationality warrant reasons to be consistent, impartial, and non-arbitrary. Critical thinking acknowledges that universal and objective principles have a binding force, but subject to evaluation. The principle-based character of critical thinking is what gives it its normative character. Critical thinking is not merely a cognitive mental process but a mental process that meets epistemic criteria, separated by good and bad reasons. An individual who thinks critically is one who is able to evaluate reasons and ascertain whether prospective reasons are good or bad based on their evidential force and in light of standards or criteria. Siegel (1988, 1997) and other theorists who support critical thinking categorized the principle of reasons of assessment into 1) general (subject-neutral), 2) principles (context-bound) and 3) subject-specific. There are debates on whether reasons assessment should be based on the generalist or the specifist view and to what extent reasons can be considered general or specific. As far as Siegel is concerned, the subject-specific criteria overlook the blurring of boundaries between genres and must be debunked. Siegel proposes that while there may be different criteria, the epistemologies operating are more or less similar. The more significant consideration for Siegel is how beliefs are justified: based on good reasons and supported by universal but fallible standards. This could be interpreted as generalist or a form of contextualism because Siegel supports the identification of good reasons across a range of contexts. Siegel (1997) elaborates: We are entitled to regard these various criteria as appropriate criteria of reason assessment, and to appeal to them in order to establish or determine the goodness of putative reasons, only because they are sanctioned by a common epistemology: a theoretical understanding of the nature of reasons, according to which putative criteria are recognizable as appropriate criteria of reason assessment. (p. 32) The point Siegel tries to make is that although various groups may have their own standards to judge whether reasons are good or bad, they are still governed by common epistemology for justification across different contexts. Furthermore, one question is if emotions are relevant to reasons assessment. Scheffler (2010) described the role of emotions in reasoning, showing how the rational passions contribute to critical thinking. Inquiry is not a dispassionate activity, disassociated from emotion. Rather, people can be very emotionally committed to the search for truth and care passionately that the outcome of an inquiry be the best justified. Such rational passions as love of truth, repugnance of distortion and evasion, and respect for the arguments of others as well as emotions such as curiosity, surprise and the joy of verification (Scheffler 1991) all play a significant role in inquiry, and educational efforts should be directed to their development. In addition, emotions play an important role in rational assessment in several ways. One way is by constraining and directing attention and rendering salient certain aspects of our experience. This likely has to do with connections established in the past between certain emotions and rational assessments. Such emotions can provide useful cues for future assessments, but their adequacy must be assessed through rational criteria. 2. The critical spirit component Because critical thinking is, in our view, thinking in such a way as to fulfill relevant standards, it is the standards of good thinking that provide the criteria for determining what attributes are important for critical thinkers. If an attribute is required by persons in order to fulfill a standard of good thinking, or if it will significantly increase the chances that their thinking will fulfill such standards, it can legitimately be regarded as an attribute that should be fostered in a critical thinker. Having the intellectual resources necessary for critical thinking does not, by itself, make one a critical thinker. One must also have certain commitments, attitudes or habits of mind that dispose himor her to use these resources to fulfill relevant standards and principles of good thinking. Moreover, as Siegel (1988: 9) points out, the critical thinkers tendency to ful ® l the standards and principles of good thinking cannot be mindless or simply the result of habituation. Rather, it must be based on a recognition of the value of critical thinking, i.e. its importance in fostering true belief and responsible action. Siegel recognizes that while reason assessment is a necessary condition for critical thinking, it is not a sufficient one. For example, a critical thinker may be equipped with the skill to evaluate reasons but not be predisposed to use it. Moreover, it is not enough that a critical thinker is capable of assessing the probative force of reasons; the critical thinker should also be inclined to seek out good reasons and disposed to question whether or not candidate reasons fit epistemological criteria. Hence, for a person to become a critical thinker, he or she must be able to habitually engage in reason assessment. In addition, a person must also have a complexity of attitudes, dispositions, character traits, and habits of mind or what Siegel refers to as the critical spirit. Siegels conception of the critical spirit means that critical thought is not a product merely of skill but also of character and motivation. The critical thinker then not only values the use of good reasons and evidentiary power in judgment or deliberation, he or she must also be willing and motivated to evaluate those reasons based on consistent, impartial and non-arbitrary criteria. In other words, the critical spirit is the life force of reasons. The critical spirit motivates and guides a critical thinker in action and belief-formation. Siegel (1997) considers that having reason assessment ability as well as the critical spirit are significant are individually and jointly sufficient requirements for a person to become a critical thinker.   In defense of the critical spirit component, Siegel (1997) enumerates some of the traits that may figure into a complex of dispositions, attitudes, habits of mind, and character traits (p. 35) found in the critical thinker: dispositions to seek reasons and evidence in making judgmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; respect for the importance of reasoned judgment and for truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; a rejection of partiality, arbitrariness, special pleading, wishful thinking, and other obstacles to the proper exercise of reason assessment and reason judgment; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦habits of reason seeking and evaluatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, engaging in the fairminded and non-self-interested consideration of such reasons.  Ã‚  (pp. 35-36) On the other hand, Scheffler (2010) also describes the critical thinker as disposed to the following traits: objectivity, consistency, intense aversion to contradiction, repugnance of error, disgust at evasion, love of reason, love of truth, and admiration of theoretical achievement. That character is indispensable in the formation of the critical thinker has been criticized (Missimer, 1990). The so-called character view espoused by Siegel is said to run in contradiction to the contributions of the worlds greatest thinkers. The intellectual greats such as Marx, Rousseau, Bacon, Freud, Russell, Newton, and Feynmann lacked many of the traits which the character view holds to be necessary for critical thinking. Marx was considered anti-Semitic; Newton was averse to criticism of his work; Rousseau and Fenymann were venal and rude to people who espoused incorrect ideas; Freud was a hothead; and Russell lied about his support for the U.S. nuclear program (Missimer, 1990, pp. 146-147). Accordingly, Siegels definition would not make the greatest intellectuals history has ever known critical thinkers. Critical thinking as identity constitution and autonomy Because critical thinking is fundamental educational ideal, Siegel (1997) considers it crucial in identity constitution. Critical thinking develops not only out of honing reasoning ability but also cultivating a motivational complex to create character disposed to the critical spirit. Character traits are fostered which constitute the critical spirit component, making up the traits of a particular type of person or identity. Thus, developing critical thinking entails no less than the formation of a certain identity. In the context of education, young people must be taught not only how to think critically, but more importantly, how to be critical thinkers. Therefore, making critical thinking a constitutive ideal is to propose for educational programs which focus on character-formation in support of critical thinking. Equally important to the concept of critical thinking is autonomy. Aside from critical thinking being coexisting with rationality, autonomy also figures into the same educational ideal. Siegel (1988) considered the importance of autonomy: If we accept critical thinking as a fundamental educational ideal, we explicitly acknowledge the desirability of the attainment by students of self-sufficiency and autonomy . . . The critical thinker must be autonomous-that is, free to act and judge independently of external constraint, on the basis of her own reasoned appraisal of the matter at hand. (p. 54) Autonomy is a state characterized by self-government. Similar to critical thinking, autonomy is also identity-constitutive in the sense that it makes up a certain type of person. Educators should strive in order to develop students who are autonomous agents. Autonomy is necessarily aligned with rationality: This aspect of the educational ideal of rationality aligns it with the complementary ideal of autonomy , since a rational person will also be an autonomous one, capable of judging for herself the justifiedness of candidate beliefs and the legitimacy of candidate values. (p. 56) An autonomous person is one who makes his or her own choices by evaluating them rationally and critically. Siegel (1988) expresses that choosing is not enough for autonomy to surface. A student must be a competent chooser and not subservient to conditions or standards he or she accepts uncritically. Also, a person can be a proto critical thinker because he or becomes slave to reason without having the necessary motivation to propel critical thought. Autonomy, then, requires not only independence in the execution of the action but also with respect to the motivation behind the action. For autonomy to be present, there must also be autonomy in the feelings, emotions, evaluation, or restructuring of principles. Autonomy must exist not only in relation to the reason assessment component of critical thinking but also on the critical spirit component.