Was the Second Republic always destined to loose the war conflict in Research Paper

Was the Second Republic consistently bound to free the war strife in the Spanish Civil War - Research Paper Example The Spanish common war began with a military transformation. The long history of intercession of military force and control in Spain has influenced the political existence of the nation to extraordinary degree. The upset of seventeenth July of 1936 turned into an extraordinary one and utilized old instruments to roll out critical political improvements in the nation. Josã © Sanjurjo was the pioneer of that time Spanish Republic. A gathering of commanders who were under the administration of Josã © Sanjurjo began the war through assertion of restriction. This restriction was announced against the legislature, against the President of that time Manuel Azaã ±a. A few traditionalist gatherings (generally significant of these gatherings were Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) have upheld this overthrow and made the upset a critical transformation in the nation. This unrest was the war between the new and the old. The war was against the law based legislature of Spain which was administering the nation during 1930s. The war reached a conclusion with the triumph of the Nationalists, all the more significantly traditionalist Nationalists. Along these lines the Second Spanish Republic reached a conclusion in the first April, 139 when they were crushed by moderate Nationalists . This paper is planned for portraying a basic setting of the loss of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. It attempts to respond to the inquiry, â€Å"Was the Second Republic consistently bound to free the war strife in the Spanish Civil War?† The foundation of the Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Civil War was a war with respect to the upset of traditionalist patriots against the popularity based legislature of the nation. ... This upset was the war between the new and the old. The war was against the equitable administration of Spain which was administering the nation during 1930s. The war reached a conclusion with the triumph of the Nationalists, all the more critically moderate Nationalists. Along these lines the Second Spanish Republic reached a conclusion in the first April, 139 when they were crushed by traditionalist Nationalists1. This paper is planned for portraying a basic setting of the loss of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. It attempts to respond to the inquiry, â€Å"Was the Second Republic consistently bound to free the war strife in the Spanish Civil War?† The foundation of the Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Civil War was a war as to the transformation of preservationist patriots against the fair legislature of the nation. The war started as military insurgency and afterward it turned into the unrest of each resident of the nation and made critical political cha nges in the nation. One of the most significant highlights of this change was the destruction of the law based administration of the nation and destruction of the Second Spanish Republic. At the hour of insurgency the nation was confronting a few inward clashes identified with political, social, social and furthermore to financial settings. Different little revolts were going on in the nation by reformists and traditionalist Nationalists. With the foundation of Spanish Constitution in 1812 the government of the antiquated system has been canceled. This change prompted the foundation of a perfect state with all the more ideologically built nature. After the production of the Spanish Constitution and previously

Life and Sorrow Essay

She collapsed her hands upon her chest, this four-year old offspring of mine and as her breathing turned out to be increasingly worked, implored as I drove her: â€Å"Jesus. You love little youngsters: help me!† that was at 12 PM on November 28, 1932. A couple of moments later, she had joined the holy messengers and left us in anguish that numbered all emotions. Be that as it may, t have since ascended from the profundities to which Sonia’s passing squashed me, and phoenix-like have left my dead cinders, to sing the charms that the demise of one so beyond a reasonable doubt adored can bring to the spirit. I have known the obscurity of incidental agonizing, yet I would abide most upon a battle with distress that has improved my temperament, which in any case, would have been stifled by the agony. Agony, I have acknowledged, is delightful just when one can ascend from its discouraging force. I have known the individuals who have gotten unpleasant and pessimistic under the lash of distress, and I have realized some who have never recouped from anguish. My experience is significant just so far as it might help other people towards development: it is useless to me in the event that it infers vanity. Sonia is, to me, as fantasy told or a verse half lost in extravagant, a sensitive tune uncelebrated. Had she developed into full womanhood, she may have gotten a learned person, for she was conscious and obvious in her language, exact in her thinking, and sharp in detecting subtleties which developed personalities about her couldn't acknowledge; at that point, I ought to have been everlastingly lost, the excitement of its verse never felt even in unclear proposals, and the sensitive songs never saw. As a companion recommended to me when distress was generally harsh: â€Å"you will consistently recollect her as a youngster. â€Å"How lovely I felt it was! What a wonderful things a man sees in such distress! What sharp and living verse! For little more than verse could give such inclination. In such a second explanation would have devastated me with perfect triumph; for on the off chance that I had attempted to clarify why God had grabbed away from me the things I adored best throughout everyday life, I would have permitted motivation to deny me of reason. Be that as it may, verse in the entirety of her grandness came cruising behind the dismal state of distress to show me the route to a progressively wonderful, all the more full and all the more almost flawless life. Sonia will in every case live in my memory as a kid who asks why the star sparkle in the sky and the downpour drops from paradise and the grass on the wayside: as a youngster who discover everything unadulterated and valid in her blameless eyes. I will glance in those eyes and see so much certainty and confidence when I feel that I am losing my own confidence and certainty I will draw from my memory of her a child’s energy forever, when my heart is overwhelming and my eyes diminish with age. This is my optimal, to see the entire existence with a brain mellowed by age, however a heart everlastingly youthful †insightful and glad! Days before she kicked the bucket, I had a hunch to her demise; however I excuse it, supporting myself with the idea that if something like this should happen - paradise restrict †I ought to maybe be compensated for turning into a valid, true and humble craftsman through the experiencing that would come such a stunning encounter. Without precedent for my life, turning into a craftsman out of nowhere lost in its opportunity. I would prefer to stay darken than lost its most noteworthy perfect work of art, created in my own blood, and clean by the best love that I was equipped for giving. Like the reeds in the waterway, I would prefer to keep my leaves and blossoms that be cut up by the incomparable Pan into the flute. The tune of the breeze was sufficient for me as I twisted musically with its blowing. I would reject the more noteworthy song of workmanship that demands to such an extent. In any case, when her hour came the cutting edge of death divide my heart, I felt as though I, as well, had kicked the bucket and a renewed person had developed, increasingly delightful, in light of the fact that scrub of all sharpness. How obvious it is as poor Oscar Wilde composed that, the â€Å"Pleasure is for the wonderful body, yet torment for the excellent soul.† But what expensive information this first. Experience has surely removed more than it has had the option to give. It has out of nowhere happened to me that the genuine craftsman is estimated by his capacity to use mishap in reproducing the spirit. I state, â€Å"recreating† Because workmanship is the entertainment of life an encounter, into that which sooths and praises the spirit; if a man with any aesthetic claims permits distress to annihilate him, he is a unimportant craftsman, unequipped for delivering anything of worth; for, the primary thing a craftsman must reproduce, before evident craftsmanship can be acknowledged, is his own spirit. Also, distress must pound, ere it can reshape the man in s form of magnificence. The reed more likely than not slice to pieces, and gaps drilled through it, before it can have created such enchantment tunes as their sound. The sun on slope neglected to pass on. What's more, the lilies resuscitated, and the dragonfly Returned to dream on the waterway. Before a craftsman can pleasantly harrow the hearts of others, his own must have kicked the bucket. There is a story recounted a driven artist who figured he would sing for the stupendous shows. He sang before a commended maestro who, in an aria from Rigoletto, roared out, â€Å"Enough! Enough! This will never do. Your heart has been broken!† In De profounds, Oscar Wilde, made the accompanying examination of distress in its start upon craftsmanship: Truth in the workmanship is simply the solidarity of a thing; the outward rendered expressive of the internal; the spirit made in bodily form; the body impulse with soul. Hence there is no fact tantamount with distress. There are times when distress appears to me to be the main truth. Different things might be fantasies of the eye or the craving, made to dazzle the one and satiate (exaggerate) the other, yet out of distress have the universes been constructed, and the introduction of a kid or a star there is pain.† Indeed, was it not Zeus’ head part open a hatchet that Athena may spring full developed from it? Other than sorrow’s intensity of bringing forth craftsmanship, there is another gift, which must come, with all workmanship and the entirety of misery? It is a perspective that hardens and fulfills, gets significant and perpetual; a genuine way of thinking of life and is along these lines, a creation, a craftsmanship itself, and not the insignificant appropriation of some amazing, recycled standpoint that demonstrates useless when scrutinized. Feeling that the lower types of rationale would be futile to me at the hour of my most profound distress, 1 moved toward life by the most elevated course, through â€Å"the most profound voice of human experience† religion. Promptly the following morning after Sonia’s passing, Gods hand settled upon my shoulders. On past events, the more proposal of her demise would drive me into envisioning an abrupt trip to some far off land. I knew not where, for a dark spot where I may neglect to kick the bucket. In any case, that morning, I felt unusually quiet. Not the remote shades of contemplated fleeing from my saddening family Goethe’s line: Who never ate his bread in distress? Who never spent the 12 PM hours-Weeping and hanging tight for the morrow He knows you not, ye eminent Powers. Lived inky memory I had eaten my bread in distress I had passed the correct sobbing and looking for a All the more unpleasant sunrise Also, felt the bit of the Spirit Upon my being I went to the sear of St. Ignatius in Intramuros where, lowered by distress, I looked for the Lords pardoning of the confession booth. I presented my Sonia, and furthermore my two different young men, and even my own life. In the event that He wanted to reclaim his own. The agnostic dissent that was flooding in my boson, I agonizingly controlled. It is diverse to surrender the things we hold dear on earth. Yet, when Sonia, whom I cherished best, had been offered up, to what could be surrendered, I felt that become liberal to unselfishness. I had stopped to discover trouble in surrendering my pride, and I was lowered; I had stopped to fear for my future, and I was no longer futile _ I surrendered all thoughts of distinction, and became myself. Be that as it may, I was better, I was destined to more prominent acknowledgment of truth, a more full sentiment of newness - my new way of thinking certainly has given me another feeling of qualities. The things I had held dear, in the same manner as others. I found to be a sparkling tinsel and void. We get ourselves simply after we have lost all that we hold dear in our fleeting home; we discover our spirit simply after we have stripped ourselves of all the flummery of the tissue. For in reality, how might we discover our spirits when we are enveloped with issue, so we can't give a stage, or put our hand, or lift up our eyes, however material things are about us, tailing us even to set up our fantasies. Individuals express something lovely to us, and thought it be yet â€Å"hot air†, it is sufficient to puff us up. We would take care of our spirits upon vanity, and know not it is Barmecides feast. Might we be able to strip ourselves of pride and vanity, things would fall over into their appropriate spots, and we should see the concealed amicability of creation, and piece through the things that by itself are seen of the world to those that are inconspicuous, setting no store be these intriguing shadows, ever before when they disintegrate away and disappear into nothing, as common things must, at some point or another. The Worldly Hope men set their hearts upon Turn cinders †or it succeeds; and anon Like snow upon the Desert’s dim Face, Lightning a little hour or two †was gone. The peak in this terrific rise of distress is the flawlessness of Reality when in snapshots of crushing anguish, my being appeared expended. I attempted to beguile myself by imagining that it was each of the a fantasy and would wake up to discover Sonia’s demise a simple extravagant, the power hallucination would consistently disappear and a more up to date, progressively striking, all the more persuading, increasingly perpetual if excruciating acknowledgment would uncover to me that the entire of human experience this side of time everlasting is only a fantasy which with death, at long last goes to an enlivening to the main reality expected by the Maker of Life. I am persuaded that life in this impermanent home is an obscure and hopeless dream, a bad dream in

How to Avoid Weight Gain When You Quit Smoking

How to Avoid Weight Gain When You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print How to Avoid Weight Gain When You Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 04, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 17, 2020 Mint Images / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Statistics tell us that most people who quit smoking gain some weight initially. On average, that gain is between 5 to 10 pounds. And for a lot of folks, it is temporary and falls back off within the first year of smoking cessation.?? For some of us, however, the weight gained stays put and/or grows. Reasons for this can include things like a slowing metabolism due smoking cessation or menopause, but most often it is really only about eating more calories in the course of a day than you did as a smoker. If you havent quit smoking yet, take a little time to stock your kitchen with healthy snacks and think about what youll do to stay on track with food once you stop smoking.  A little preparation can go a long way toward helping you avoid the need to invest in a larger wardrobe to fit your new, nonsmoking self. Set Realistic Goals Perhaps the easiest way to keep your head above water with cessation and weight control is to avoid overloading yourself with too many expectations.?? Smoking cessation, while far from impossible, is hard work for most of us early on. Starting a new diet at the same time that you quit smoking is a lot to juggle. What Should You Do Before You Stop Smoking? Many folks get energized by quitting tobacco and decide to tackle other challenges they have in life at the same time. When this happens, it can be hard to do everything and eventually, everything suffers. We suffer a smoking relapse and usually go back to poor eating habits. Just focus on maintaining your current weight while you manage nicotine withdrawal and the months beyond it. Once youre comfortable with your smoke-free status, you can turn your attention to shedding any extra weight youre carrying. How You Can Survive Nicotine Withdrawal and Stay Away From Cigarettes Why Food Becomes a Substitute for Smoking For new  ex-smokers, food often takes on a new importance that can quickly become an unhealthy obsession if were not careful. Why? In part, it has to do with needing a substitute for the act of smoking. The act of eating is an easy replacement for the act of smoking. Smokers have a powerful hand-to-mouth association and eating is a hand-to-mouth activity. But also, food simply tastes better without cigarette tar clogging delicate taste buds on our tongues. Its not uncommon for ex-smokers to note that some foods taste entirely different than they did when they smoked. And then there is the fact that food signals comfort for many of us.  That sense of comfort comes for a dopamine rush in the brain, which happens to be the same mechanism for smoking enjoyment.?? Researchers believe dopamine is a key factor in addiction, be it to nicotine, food, alcohol or other addictive substances.  Its no wonder then that we reach for food when craving a smoke.?? The Truth About Smoking Pleasure While we cannot stop eating like weve  stopped smoking, we can make choices that will help us avoid weight gain and even enhance how we feel physically.?? A diet rich in nutrients helps us to be at our physical and emotional best, which, in turn, makes it easier to maintain the daily effort that is necessary  during the first months of smoking cessation.?? Use the tips below to help you start thinking creatively about how to use food as a tool for good health rather than a replacement for smoking. 10 Tips for Minimizing Quit-Related Weight Gain Pay attention to portions: Downsize serving sizes: Use a lunch-size plate rather than a dinner plate, and stop after one plate full.Read labels: Aim for foods low in fat and high in protein and fiber. And speaking of portion sizes, be sure to check packaged food labels for portion sizes as well.Keep temptation out of the house: If its not there, you cant eat it. Stock the fridge and cupboards with healthy food choices so that when the urge to snack strikes, the right foods are within easy reach.Indulge your sweet tooth at a restaurant: Dont allow a half-gallon of ice cream shelf space in your freezer. Instead, head out to the ice cream parlor when youre in the mood for a sundae. Doing this safeguards against going back for another scoop, or worse, another bowl later on.Drink plenty of water: If you have the urge to snack, drink a glass of water first. It will help fill you up.  You  will eat less and also beat cravings to smoke.Think 80/20: If 80% of the meals and snacks you eat on a given day are healthy and in the right portions, you can allow yourself a few treats with the other 20% without throwing your diet out of whack.Eat more often: Try eating 5 or 6 small meals throughout your day. The urge to snack is intense early on in cessation, so snack-size meals may suit your needs perfectly. And the good news is, small meals every few hours could give your metabolism a boost. Just watch your calories and keep the total for the day within the correct range for your body.Go for a walk: Exercise will help you avoid weight gain. As little as a half-hour walk a day can be enough to help you keep your weight stable, as long as youre eating well too. And exercise improves mood too, a nice fringe benefit.??Distract yourself: Boredom is a big trigger for smoking and for eating. Make an abrupt change in what youre doing and you can distract yourself away from mindless snacking.Find some support: Online forums can be a great supportive community of people who are working to quit smoking. Stop in and browse the message board of this active group as a guest, or register (free) and join the discussion. Dont Romance the Cigarette Early smoking cessation is an awkward, uncomfortable state for most of us. Add weight gain into the equation and were ripe for a bad case of junkie thinking. How to Beat Junkie Thinking During Nicotine Withdrawal Dont be tempted to return to smoking as a means to control your weight. If you do, youll learn a hard lesson.  Youll be a smoker who needs to quit and lose weight because the pounds wont  magically melt away because youre smoking again. Dig your heels in and focus on losing your addiction to nicotine first and the weight second. Once youre comfortable in your nonsmoking skin, youll be better equipped to apply your time and energy toward losing weight successfully. And speaking of success, there is absolutely nothing better for a persons self-confidence and ability to tackle challenges effectively than succeeding at smoking cessation. Smoking Kills, Plain and Simple Do what you need to do to boot this addiction out of your life now. If that means you gain a few pounds in the process, so be it. Weight can always be lost later, but your precious and irreplaceable health cannot. What Smoking Does to Your Metabolism

The Function Of Human Resource Development - 1900 Words

opment - Is this an element of Corporate Social Responsibility or should it be left to the individual autonomy? The function of human resource development (HRD) is fundamentally connected to individual and organisational development. As a result of this fundamental connection, it is ultimately human resource development (HRD) units in organisations that are well positioned to help develop an understanding and implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. The purpose of this literature review will be to examine the definition of CSR and the role of HRD in organisations. In considering the function of HRD in response to CSR, there is much inconsistency and debate in defining what exactly constitutes socially responsible practice. The reason for this is corporate social responsibility (CSR) practice occurs in different contexts and is dependent on perceptions to the individual. Ultimately there are gaps in literature, which occur as a result of key problems in defining what CSR is to organisations and the role of HRD professionals. There is much inconsistency and debate in defining what exactly constitutes socially responsible practice. The issue of HRD and it’s impact in relation to CSR has been brought to light by the emergence of increased awareness both of the power of corporations in the global economy, and of some of the negative repercussions of global economic activity (Wilcox 2006). This paper will consider the definition of CSR and the role ofShow MoreRelatedFunctions Of Human Resource Management1632 Words   |  7 Pages Primary function human resource management can divide into primary and secondary function primary function is directly involved with obtaining, maintaining and developing employee. Primary function included human resource planning, equal employment opportunity, staffing, recruitment, and selection. 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Human resource managers don’t directlyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Diana Williams National American University Understanding the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Human resource management (HRM) is the umbrella under which all other human resource activities are found. Some of the major activities under the umbrella are: benefits and compensation, health safety and security, human resource planning, staffing, equal employmentRead MoreHuman Resource Development : Hrd1607 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource development well known as HRD, is a rough draft for helping employees mature their individual and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human Resource Development contains many opportunities for â€Å"employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development.† Human resources take the part of a vital role in developing a business’sRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Optimizing Role For Shaping Organizational And Employee Behavior Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesT he primary function of Human Resource Management is increasing the effectiveness and contribution of employees in the attainment of organization’s goals and objectives. For attaining the goals of the organization, the employees need to work effectively and perform at their best. To get appropriate outcome, the human resource department considers aspects like, equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, human resource planning, recruitment and selection, human resource development, compensation

Role of Students in Ani-Corruption of Society - 793 Words

Our Indian poet Bharathi has told clearly the role of young students in our Indian society and about their patriotism and social service. In our life student phase is very difficult to get back. So at this this stage of life students must not waste their precious time and they must involve in social activities. Students must join in many organizations such as Blue cross society. They must have helping tendency and must be patriotic and must try their level best to bring up our country. Students must be mainly Disciplined in all aspects. Discipline is greater than anyother thing in life. It makes our life cherished with all good moments filled up in it.Our ancient poet Thiruvalluvar has told a lot about Discipline.To quote few examples:†¦show more content†¦Fourthly, to do what they can to protect their environment and society. Students should avoid littering places and should try to invest a few hours into community services if possible. Students should also behave respectfully to the elders of the society and take care of their needs i.e. help an elder to cross a road; stand up and make space for an elder to sit if there is none. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_role_of_student_in_the_society#ixzz1UoC7BOVm ROLE OF STUDENTS IN FREE INDIA The students must actively participate in the economic development of the country. The ‘Green Revolution’ if taken up by the students can work miracles. Even in the towns students can do much. They can. for instance, fight against ticketless travelling in trains and buses, fight against smuggling, illicit distillation of liquor, and indeed can contribute a great a deal towards social reforms. ORIENTATION STUDENT: Students must be given military training. It shall keep them fit and strong to defend the country against aggression. Military training is essential for it imparts a sense of discipline which otherwise is also essential in life. Moreover, the youth of the nation must not only be able to resist an attack but also strike a blow when the honour of the nation is trampled upon. The sense of patriotism and love for the country must be inculcated in the students. The glamorousShow MoreRelatedHottest Issues of the Philippines 20102824 Words   |  12 Pagesgreatly increase the competencies and skills of the students thus making them more employable after graduation,† Lacson said. Donald Dee, Vice Chairman of PCCI and former member of the Presidential Task Force for Education, noted the need to support the K-12 program with adequate educational infrastructure which include more classrooms, reading materials and improved quality of teaching personnel to develop the technical skills of the students that will enable them land in jobs that match their technicalRead MoreSocial Structure Of A Social Institution3100 Words   |  13 Pagesand mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity. A set of organized beliefs, rules, and practices that establishes how a society will attempt to meet basic needs. A socially approved system of values, norms, and roles that exists to accomplish specific societal goals. According to Marx, Social institutions are determined by their society’s mode of production.Social institutions serve to hold the ability of the dominantRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesEffect of Audit on Corporate Sustainability, Growth and Development; Accounting and Nation Building; The Role of Accountants in the Attainment of Banking Sector Consolidation Objectives in Nigeria; The Use of Ratios in Financial Analysis and Prediction of Financial Crisis; The Relationship and Problems of Auditors in a Joint Audit Exercise: A Survey of Ten Audit Companies in Nigeria; Accountants Role in Investing in Stocks and Shares in the Capital Market; The Undisclosed Facts on Exempted Value AddedRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesthe macrocosm. Though at first there are only reminiscences of the lhwà ¢n al-Safà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, we soon find whole pages together which are identical with that work, and, in part, with the work edited by Goldziher as Th e Book of the Essence of the Soul (Kità ¢b ma`à ¢nà ® al-nafs) (pp.42-46). The human being as he is actually found on earth is shown to depend from his idea, the universal man, and this dependence is illustrated by a succession of hypostases (pp.47-50). Numerous single echoes of Neo-Platonic and pseudo-Empedoclean

World War I and the War in Iraq Free Essays

World War I was the great armed conflict of 1914-18. Until World War II, it was often called the Great War because it was the most destructive and widespread war the world had ever seen. Wold War I began as a local conflict over a minor issue. We will write a custom essay sample on World War I and the War in Iraq or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eventually it engulfed much of Europe and drew in, directly or indirectly, the entire major powers of the world. The first declaration of war was made by Austria-Hungary against Serbia (now part of Yugoslavia) on July 28, 1914. Before the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, 28 nations (counting the British Empire as one nation) were directly engaged in the conflict (Roth, pp. 216-218/ 2003). On one side were France, Belgium, the British Empire, Russia, and Serbia; and, later, Japan, Italy, the United States, and 16 other countries. They were called the Allied and Associated Powers, or the Allies. The opposing side consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey, and Bulgaria. They were known as the Central Powers. After the war, there were reduced to small separate states and Czechoslovakia was created from Austro-Hungarian territory in Central Europe. The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (which became Yugoslavia in 1929) was established, comprising Austro-Hungarian lands in the Balkans and the kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro. Poland, which had been partitioned among the Germans, Austrians, and Russians in the 18th century, was re-established along its historical borders (Brook-Shepard, pp. 64-67/ 2002). Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were freed from Russian domination. In the Middle East, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Hejaz, (a territory within modern Saudi Arabia), Transjordan (modern Jordan), and Palestine were carved out of the Ottoman Empire. France’s quick defeat in World War II has been attributed, at least in part, to the devastation it suffered in World War I. The vast system of overseas holdings of Great Britain began to change from an empire to a commonwealth. The war was at least partly responsible for the success of the Russian revolution and the rise of Communism. The United States, after the war, its first experience of being involved in European affairs, declined to take a role as a world leader and retreated into isolationism, refusing to join the League of Nations (Robbins, pp. 161-164/ 2004). Many people thought of World War I as â€Å"the war to end all wars,† fought â€Å"to make the world safe for democracy. † Because of an overly harsh peace treaty, the weakness of the League of Nations, a worldwide economic depression, and the rise of fascism, the war had the opposite effect. It made the Second World War almost inevitable. About four years ago, on the 20th of March 2003, a multinational military force marched in to Iraq. More than 40 countries joined in together to form a coalition force, with the US providing the most number of invading forces to oust Saddam Hussein’s regime. Amidst protests and anti-war campaigns around the world, the coalition force led by the United States and United Kingdom — plunged in to the Iraq War. Official statements given by U. S. President George W. Bush’s administration, as to the reasons for the invasion, were primarily to: †¢ remove Iraq’s alleged production and accumulation of weapons of mass destruction †¢ stop Saddam Hussein’s support on terrorist activities †¢ give freedom to the Iraqi people from Saddam’s reign of terror (â€Å"President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom†) Due to the unpopularity of the government’s decision and the subsequent turn of events, the public continuous to give other speculations as to why the invasion had to be done. In U. K. initial public support was mainly based on the issue that Britain had a moral case to uphold in behalf of other nations (â€Å"Moral Case for Iraq War, Key to Initial UK Support†). But those that consider the possible long-term damage concerning their country’s welfare believed the need to refrain from getting involved: that it might eventually endanger civilian lives in case of retaliation by terrorist groups, and the economic cost of war. After the military attack on Iraqi soil, evidence to support the Bush government’s justification for the invasion was still lacking, insufficient, and vague. Had the purported danger been present, it would not have taken only 21 days to topple down Saddam’s government with minimal loss on the coalition’s forces. Saddam’s Soviet-built armaments were ill-equipped and no match for the invading forces, disproving the US claim. For most, it did succeed to eliminate Saddam, but nevertheless, failed to eliminate the problem in Iraq or helped the plight of the Iraqis, who now have to contend with not one but many oppressive guerilla-group factions that try to rule in Iraq. How to cite World War I and the War in Iraq, Essays

Web Site Development Essays - Optometry, Corrective Lenses, Lens

Web Site Development I propose to develop a web site for anyone in the sunglass, contact lens, colored contact lens or laser vision correction market. The most important features included in this site must be: savings, convenience and top quality products. It is necessary to tie all aspects of the site together smoothly. By this I mean the shopper must have the ability to purchase at any point In the site, as well as the ability to get anywhere from anywhere. We must outline our available products and services in such a way as to make it a "No Brainer" for anyone. Our available products must be outlined from the onset. If vendors need to be contacted to develop a wholesale relationship then this must be taken care of as soon as possible. We must assess which products will maximize our profit, which will maximize our marketability and which are just of necessity to carry. We must develop a database of products and maintain prices, additions and subtractions accordingly. One service I had in mind was to develop a free service for anyone interested in laser vision correction. We can develop an application where the patient inputs his/her doctor's written Rx or their contact lens box/bottle prescription, and we can take this information and develop a sort of internet merge letter. By this I mean, we can send them an email response as to their current eye condition, the best suited surgical procedure for their condition, history of other's w/ their Rx & results and maybe even doctors in their area. I understand this might take away from the promotion of INSIGHT, but remember, anything free ? keeps em' coming back!! This will more marketing tool to draw people in, rather than a service. Also, some production company or another could be contracted out to develop videos which we could sell to candidates, doctors, surgeons, etc... Dr. Sopher could develop a video directed to practicing optometrists interested in sales techniques in the examination room.

Science Terms and Definitions You Should Know

Science Terms and Definitions You Should Know Scientific experiments involve variables, controls, a hypothesis, and a host of other concepts and terms that may be confusing. This is a glossary of important science experiment terms and definitions. Glossary of Science Terms Central Limit Theorem: states that with a large enough sample, the sample mean will be normally distributed. A normally distributed sample mean is necessary to apply the t test, so if you are planning to perform a statistical analysis of experimental data, its important to have a sufficiently large sample. Conclusion: determination of whether the hypothesis should be accepted or rejected. Control Group: test subjects randomly assigned to not receive the experimental treatment. Control Variable: any variable that does not change during an experiment. Also known as constant variable Data:  (singular: datum) facts, numbers, or values obtained in an experiment. Dependent Variable: the variable that responds to the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one being measured in the experiment. Also known as the dependent measure, responding variable double-blind: neither the researcher nor the subject knows whether the subject is receiving the treatment or a placebo. Blinding helps reduce biased results. Empty Control Group: a type of control group which does not receive any treatment, including a placebo. Experimental Group: test subjects randomly assigned to receive the experimental treatment. Extraneous Variable: extra variables (not the independent, dependent, or control variable) that may influence an experiment, but are not accounted for or measured or are beyond control. Examples may include factors you consider unimportant at the time of  an experiment, such as the manufacturer of the glassware in a reaction or the color of paper used to make a paper airplane. Hypothesis: a prediction of whether the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable or a prediction of the nature of the effect.   Independence  or  Independently:  means one factor does not exert influence on another. For example, what one study participant does should not influence what another participant does. They make decisions independently. Independence is critical for a meaningful statistical analysis. Independent Random Assignment: randomly selecting whether a test subject will be in a treatment or control group. Independent Variable: the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher. Independent Variable Levels: refers to changing the independent variable from one value to another (e.g., different drug doses, different amounts of time). The different values are called levels. Inferential Statistics: applying statistics (math) to infer characteristics of a population based on a representative sample from the population. Internal Validity: an experiment is said to have internal validity if it can accurately determine whether the independent variable produces an effect. Mean: the average calculated by adding up all the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.   Null Hypothesis: the no difference or no effect hypothesis, which predicts the treatment will not have an effect on the subject. The null hypothesis is useful because it is easier to assess with a statistical analysis than other forms of a hypothesis. Null Results (Nonsignificant Results): results that do not disprove the null hypothesis. Null results dont prove the null hypothesis, because the results may have resulted from a lack of power. Some null results are type 2 errors. p 0.05: This is an indication of how often chance alone could account for the effect of the experimental treatment. A value p 0.05 means that 5 times out of a hundred, you could expect this difference between the two groups, purely by chance. Since the chance of the effect occurring by chance is so small, the researcher may conclude the experimental treatment did indeed have an effect. Note other p or probability values are possible. The 0.05 or 5% limit simply is a common benchmark of statistical significance. Placebo (Placebo Treatment):  a  fake treatment that should have no effect, outside of the power of suggestion. Example: In drug trials, test patients may be given a pill containing the drug or a placebo, which resembles the drug (pill, injection, liquid) but doesnt contain the active ingredient. Population: the entire group the researcher is studying. If the researcher cannot gather data from the population, studying large random samples taken from the population may be used to estimate how the population would respond. Power: the ability to observe differences or avoid making Type 2 errors. Random or Randomness: selected or performed without following any pattern or method. To avoid unintentional bias, researchers often use random number generators or flip coins  to make selections. (learn more) Results: the explanation or interpretation of experimental data. Statistical Significance: observation, based on the application of a statistical test, that a relationship probably is not due to pure chance. The probability is stated (e.g., p 0.05) and the results are said to be statistically significant. Simple Experiment: basic experiment designed to assess whether there are a cause and effect relationship or test a prediction. A fundamental simple experiment may have only one test subject, compared with a controlled experiment, which has at least two groups. Single-blind: when either the experimenter or subject is unaware whether the subject is getting the treatment or a placebo. Blinding the researcher helps prevent bias when the results are analyzed. Blinding the subject prevents the participant from having a biased reaction. T-test: common statistical data analysis applied to experimental data to test a hypothesis. The t-test computes the ratio between the difference between the group means and the standard error of the difference (a measure of the likelihood the group means could differ purely by chance). A rule of thumb is that the results are statistically significant if you observe a difference between the values that are three times larger than the standard error of the difference, but its best to look up the ratio required for significance on a t table. Type I Error (Type 1 error): occurs when you reject the null hypothesis, but it was actually true. If you perform the t-test and set p 0.05, there is less than a 5% chance you could make a Type I error by rejecting the hypothesis based on random fluctuations in the data. Type II Error (Type 2 error): occurs when you accept the null hypothesis, but it was actually false. The experimental conditions had an effect, but the researcher failed to find it statistically significant.

Read This Before Applying to an Economics PhD Program

Read This Before Applying to an Economics PhD Program I recently wrote an article about the types of people who shouldnt pursue a Ph.D. in economics. Dont get me wrong, I love economics. Ive spent a majority of my adult life in the pursuit of knowledge in the field studying around the world and even teaching it at the university level. You may love studying economics, too, but a Ph.D. program is an entirely different beast that requires a very specific type of person and student. After my article was published, I received an email from a reader, who just happened to be a potential Ph.D. student.   This readers experience and insights into the economics Ph.D. program application process were so on point that I felt the need to share the insights. For those considering applying to a Ph.D. program in Economics, give this email a read. One Students Experience Applying to an Economics Ph.D. Program Thanks for the graduate school focus in your recent articles.  Three of the challenges you mentioned [in your recent article] really hit home: American students have a comparative disadvantage for selection compared to foreign students.The importance of math cannot be overstated.Reputation is a huge factor, especially that of your undergraduate program. I applied unsuccessfully to Ph.D. programs for two years before conceding that I might not be ready for them. Only one, Vanderbilt, gave me even a wait-list consideration. I was a little embarrassed at being shunned. My mathematics GRE was 780. I had graduated at the top of my class with a 4.0 GPA in my economics major and completed a statistics minor. I had two internships: one in research, one in public policy. And accomplished this all while working 30 hours a week to support me. It was a brutally hard couple of years. The Ph.D. departments I applied to and my undergraduate adviser all pointed out: I attended a small, regional public university, and our professors spent significant time with students to the detriment of their own publishing.Though I took a heavy load of statistics coursework, I only had two terms of calculus.I had never been published; not even in an undergraduate journal.I aimed for highly-ranked schools in the Midwest like Illinois, Indiana, Vanderbilt, Michigan, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, but neglected schools on the coasts, which might have seen me as a more diverse candidate. I also made what many considered a tactical error: I went to talk with the graduate programs before I applied. I was later told that this is a taboo and seen as schmoozing. I even talked at length with the director of one program. We ended up talking shop for two hours and he invited me to attend presentations and brown bags whenever I was in town. But soon I would learn that he would be ending his tenure to take a position at another college, and would no longer be involved in the approval process for that program. After going through these obstacles, some suggested I prove myself with a Masters Degree in Economics first. I had originally been told that many schools pick top candidates immediately after undergraduate, but this new advice made sense because departments commit considerable resources to their Ph.D. candidates and want to make sure their investment will survive first-year exams. With that path in mind, I found it interesting that so few departments offer a terminal Masters in Economic. Id say about half as many as those that offer only the terminal Ph.D. Fewer still offer an academic Masters - most of these are professional programs. Still, Im glad it gives me a chance to dig deeper into research and see if Im ready for Ph.D. research. My Response   This was such a great letter for many reasons. First, it was genuine. It wasnt a why didnt I get into a Ph.D. program rant, but a personal story told with thoughtful insights. In fact, my experience has been nearly identical, and I would encourage any undergraduate student considering pursuing a Ph.D. in economics to take this readers insights to heart. I, myself,  was in a Masters program (at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) before I entered my Ph.D. program. Today, I must admit that I wouldnt have survived three months as a Ph.D. student had I not attempted an MA in Economics first.

The sun also rises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The sun also rises - Essay Example Even though the generation following the war was usually referred to as â€Å"The Lost Generation†, the title of the book and its closing content is quite optimistic. Of course there may be many reasons why Hemingway chose this title and this paper will review his reasons for why he chose it. Jake Barnes, the main character and the narrator of the novel, was a veteran of The World War I, who later worked as a journalist in Paris. This book is a narration of the problems he had faced following the war and how he finally recovered from them. The author probably takes this as the theme behind the title. The initial pages of the book, recounts an injury that had caused many troubles to Jake, one among which included his inability to have sex. This had made Jack feel insecure about his masculinity and that he is less of a man that he was before. The fact that Brett, who was the love of his life, refused to enter into a relationship with Jake because of his impotency had made him feel very unhappy and depressed and had added to his insecurity. In many ways Jake was a typical member of what Gertrude Stein called â€Å"The Lost Generation†, which referred to the generation that experienced the grueling effects of World War 1, and when people had lost their belief in moral ity, faith and justice. The people of the Lost Generation lived an aimless life and spent their time engaged in worthless activities like boozing and dancing. In the early chapters of the book Jake’s character reminds the reader of the people of the Lost Generation, as he spent most of his time in the bar getting drunk. However, in the later chapters of the book and true its title, the sun does begin to shine on Jake. It narrates how Jake learned to find a solution for his problems, and how he no longer considered his impotency as a major issue. One realizes this for the first time when Jake goes out fishing in Burguete with his friend Bill Gorton. There, Jake truly enjoys his

Empirical paper on international finance or open economy Essay

Empirical paper on international finance or open economy macroeconomics - Essay Example A deep and well-supervised financial sector is essential for efficiently intermediating foreign finance into productive investments. It has also been shown to reduce the adverse effects of capital flow volatility. Countries with better institutions attract relatively more foreign direct investments and portfolio equity flows, which are more stable than debt flows, and as a result, the likelihood of promoting indirect benefits. For each of the threshold category, an appropriate and conceptually sound measure was chosen. Financial depth; the proxy used for financial depth is the ratio of private credit to GDP. Also include in the measure of financial depth and development are stock market capitalization sum and credit to the national GDP, the ratio of GDP and institution measures such as creditors’ rights ii. Institution quality; the proxy used to get aggregate institutional quality get derived from a simple average of the six World Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI). The six aspects of institutional quality covered by WBGI are: violence and profit stability; accountability and voice; quality of the regulatory; government effectiveness; the rule of law and control of corruption. iii. Regulation; the proxy used is an index of the rigidity of labor regulations from the International Finance Corporation’s Doing Business Database. The database captures an economy’s ability to adapt to changing business conditions that include financial flows. Since data is only available from 2003, average for each country is used as a fixed regulation variable. iv. Trade openness; the totals of imports and exports of goods and services, expressed as a ratio to GDP is used as the proxy. The measure of policy openness to trade can be defined as the proportion or level of years for which the trade regime/ era is an open one also got included. v. Macro policies; the

Personal Goals :: essays research papers

As a student at the University of Phoenix three personal goals that I want to achieve are, first is to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years. Next is to become a better writer. Throughout junior college, writing has always been my weakest point and with the amount of writing assignments required at University of Phoenix this needs to be one of my top goals. Finally is to complete every course with no less than a B letter grade. With making the decision to return to school and taking on the considerable financial burden, receiving an average grade would be unacceptable to my standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While being employed full-time, The University of Phoenix has the rare opportunity for working professionals to finish courses in just 5 weeks. Having such a compressed time schedule for completing degrees will make it possible to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years as long as I do not deviate from the program. I have decided that my number one priority in life is to complete my degree. I do not have other major commitments outside of work that will distract me from my assignments so staying focused on school will be realistic. Though I cannot predict the future, I do not plan on taking any time off during the two years that would result in interrupting my class schedule. With the option of taking CLEP test this will allow me to â€Å"test out† of some of the lower-division courses such as communication arts and humanities. Although this will require additional studying outside of my upper-division courses the CLEP test can hel p eliminate additional courses needed to be taken, so I can stay on track of my 2 year goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing papers has never been my strongest asset throughout school. I always found myself only writing what was required of me but never trying to improve my writing skills on my own time. In junior college the majority of my classes were math and science with a major in Administration of Justice. The only writing that I had to do was case briefs, which was based on legal research, which did not require any creativity, brainstorming and writing skills, just citing the facts and decisions in a proper format. To become a better writer it will take self-discipline and dedication. Because writing is my weakest point, submitting quality papers will require the most amount of my time by doing research and proofreading. Personal Goals :: essays research papers As a student at the University of Phoenix three personal goals that I want to achieve are, first is to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years. Next is to become a better writer. Throughout junior college, writing has always been my weakest point and with the amount of writing assignments required at University of Phoenix this needs to be one of my top goals. Finally is to complete every course with no less than a B letter grade. With making the decision to return to school and taking on the considerable financial burden, receiving an average grade would be unacceptable to my standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While being employed full-time, The University of Phoenix has the rare opportunity for working professionals to finish courses in just 5 weeks. Having such a compressed time schedule for completing degrees will make it possible to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years as long as I do not deviate from the program. I have decided that my number one priority in life is to complete my degree. I do not have other major commitments outside of work that will distract me from my assignments so staying focused on school will be realistic. Though I cannot predict the future, I do not plan on taking any time off during the two years that would result in interrupting my class schedule. With the option of taking CLEP test this will allow me to â€Å"test out† of some of the lower-division courses such as communication arts and humanities. Although this will require additional studying outside of my upper-division courses the CLEP test can hel p eliminate additional courses needed to be taken, so I can stay on track of my 2 year goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing papers has never been my strongest asset throughout school. I always found myself only writing what was required of me but never trying to improve my writing skills on my own time. In junior college the majority of my classes were math and science with a major in Administration of Justice. The only writing that I had to do was case briefs, which was based on legal research, which did not require any creativity, brainstorming and writing skills, just citing the facts and decisions in a proper format. To become a better writer it will take self-discipline and dedication. Because writing is my weakest point, submitting quality papers will require the most amount of my time by doing research and proofreading.

Earth Science Essay

Stars are one of the celestial bodies found in the solar system. Such celestial object produces heat, light, and different forms of radiations such as x-rays and ultraviolet rays caused by its cosmic energy engines. All stars are made up of gas, plasma, and matters comprised of subatomic particles that are extremely heated. From the earth, it may appear that stars are near because of their radiance shining over. However, stars are very far away that most of the scientists have to develop methods in order to calculate their distance. Two of the most notable methods are the parallax technique and the use of Cepheid variable (National Geographic, 2008). The parallax technique is used in order to identify the distance of the stars that are closest to the earth. Due to the revolution of the earth to the sun, the stars that are near to the earth shifts position against the stars that are in farther positions. These changes in the position of the nearby stars are known as the parallax shift. The parallax method functions by observing the distance of the shifting process and determining the earth’s orbit diameter. From there, astronomers are able to determine the parallax angle of the star’s distance. The main principle behind the method is that â€Å"the smaller the parallax shift, the farther away the star is from the earth† (Windows to the Universe Team, 2000, n. p. ). Such method is only applicable for stars that are within the range of few hundred light years from earth. Thus, when stars exceed the given range, the parallax shift could be too small to be measured through this technique (Windows to the Universe Team, 2000). For the countless distant stars that are in the range beyond 100 light years and are in clusters found in a different galaxy, the measurement is identified through the star’s property known as Cepheid variable. Stars that have this property undergo a fixed cycle where they get brighter and dimmer. This property is common among stars that are in â€Å"old age† (Berger, 2002, n. p. ). Because of their abundance in space, astronomers measure their distance by determining the number of cycle when stars are bright (Berger, 2002). There are many ways to measure the distance of the stars. It may be obtained from the stars spectral properties, temperature, brightness, and luminosity. Because of the major efforts in improving the measurements of the distances of the stars, various ways are also formulated in order to determine the cosmic distance of other celestial bodies present in the sky. References Berger, W. H. (2002). Measuring distance to the stars. In Intro to Astronomy: Discussion of the Field of Astronomy, University of California, San Diego. Retrieved September 17, 2008 from http://earthguide. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/ita/06_3. shtml. National Geographic. (2008). Stars. Retrieved September 17, 2008 from http://science. nationalgeographic. com/science/space/universe/stars-article. html Windows to the Universe Team. (2000, September). How do astronomers measure the distance to stars? Is it accurate? University Corporation For Atmospheric Research. Retrieved September 17, 2008 from http://www. windows. ucar. edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist. html.

Facts on the Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 pitted expansionist Russia against up-and-coming Japan. Russia sought warm-water ports and control of Manchuria, while Japan opposed them. Japan emerged as a naval power and Admiral Togo Heihachiro achieved international fame. Russia lost two of its three naval fleets. Snapshot of the Russo-Japanese War: When: February 8, 1904, to September 5, 1905Where: The Yellow Sea, Manchuria, the Korean PeninsulaWho: The Russian Empire, ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, versus the Japanese Empire, ruled by the Meiji Emperor Total Troop Deployment: Russia - approx. 2,000,000Japan - 400,000 Who won the Russo-Japanese War? Amazingly, the Japanese Empire defeated the Russian Empire, thanks mostly to superior naval strength and tactics. It was a negotiated peace, rather than a complete or crushing victory, but hugely important for Japans rising status in the world. Total Deaths: In battle - Russian, approx. 38,000; Japanese, 58,257.From disease - Russian, 18,830; Japanese, 21,802. (Source: Patrick W. Kelley, Military Preventive Medicine: Mobilization and Deployment, 2004) Major Events and Turning Points: Battle of Port Arthur, Feb. 8 - 9, 1904: This opening battle was fought by Japanese Admiral Togo Heihachiro against Russian Vice Admiral  Oskar Victorovich Stark in a surprise night attack by the Japanese. While the battle was largely inconclusive, it resulted in a formal declaration of war between Russia and Japan on the day after the battle.Battle of Yalu River, April 30 - May 1, 1904Siege of Port Arthur, July 30 - January 2, 1905Battle of the Yellow Sea, August 10, 1904Battle of Sandepu, January 25 - 29, 1905Battle of Mukden, February 20 - March 10, 1905Battle of Tsushima, May 27 -28, 1905: Admiral Togo destroyed a fleet of Russian ships, ambushing them on their way through the Tsushima Strait on their way to Vladivostok. After this victory, Russias prestige was damaged and they sued for peace.Treaty of Portsmouth, September 5, 1905, formally ended the Russo-Japanese. Signed at Portsmouth, Maine, USA. Theodore Roosevelt earned the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the treaty. Significance of the Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War held great international significance, as it was the first all-out war of the modern era in which a non-European power defeated one of Europes great powers. As a result, the Russian Empire and Tsar Nicholas II lost considerable prestige, along with two of their three naval fleets. Popular outrage in Russia at the outcome helped lead to the Russian Revolution of 1905, a wave of unrest that lasted more than two years but did not manage to topple the tsars government. For the Japanese Empire, of course, victory in the Russo-Japanese War cemented its place as an up-and-coming great power, particularly since it came on the heels of Japans victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Nonetheless, public opinion in Japan was none too favorable. The Treaty of Portsmouth did not grant Japan either the territory or the monetary reparations that the Japanese people expected after their significant investment of energy and blood in the war.

Frances Dana Gage - Feminist and Abolitionist Lecturer

Known for: lecturer and writer for women’s rights, abolition, rights and welfare of former slaves Dates: October 12, 1808 – November 10, 1884 Frances Dana Gage Biography Frances Gage grew up in an Ohio farm family. Her father had been one of the original settlers of Marietta, Ohio. Her mother was from a Massachusetts family, and her mother had also moved nearby.  Frances, her mother and maternal grandmother all actively helped escaping slaves. Frances in her later years wrote of going in a canoe with food for those in hiding.  She also developed an impatience and longing for women’s equal treatment in her childhood. In 1929, at twenty, she married James Gage, and they raised 8 children.  James Gage, a Universalist in religion and abolitionist as well, supported Frances in her many ventures during their marriage. Frances read while at home raising the children, educating herself far beyond the rudimentary education she’d had at home, and began to write as well.  She developed strong interest in three issues which attracted many of the women reformers of her day: women’s rights, temperance, and abolition.  She wrote letters about these issues to newspapers. She also began to write poetry and submit it for publication. By the time she was in her early 40s, she was writing for the Ladies’ Repository. She began a column in the Ladies Department of a farm newspaper, in the form of letters from â€Å"Aunt Fanny† on many topics, both practical and public. Women’s Rights By 1849, she was lecturing on women’s rights, abolition, and temperance. In 1850, when the first Ohio women’s rights convention was held, she wanted to attend, but could only send a letter of support. In May 1850, she began a petition to the Ohio legislature advocating that the new state constitution omit the words male and white. When the second Ohio women’s rights convention was held in Akron in 1851, Gage was asked to be the presider. When a minister denounced women’s rights, and Sojourner Truth got up to respond, Gage ignored the protests from the audience and allowed Truth to speak.  She later (in 1881) recorded her memory of the speech, usually remembered with the title â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman?† in a dialect form. Gage was asked to speak more and more often for women’s rights. She presided at the 1853 national women’s rights convention when it was held in Cleveland, Ohio. Missouri From 1853 to 1860, the Gage family lived in St. Louis, Missouri.  There, Frances Dana Gage didn’t find a warm reception from the newspapers for her letters.  She instead wrote for national women’s rights publications, including Amelia Bloomer’s Lily. She corresponded with other women in America interested in the same issues she was attracted to, and even corresponded with the English feminist Harriet Martineau. She was supported not only by women in the woman suffrage movement, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Amelia Bloomer, but also by abolitionist male leaders including William Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley, and Frederick Douglass. She later wrote, From 1849 to 1855 I lectured on [woman’s rights] in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York†¦.† The family found themselves ostracized in St. Louis for their radical views. After three fires, and James Gage’s failing health and failing business venture, the family returned to Ohio. Civil War The Gages moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1850, and Frances Dana Gage became the associate editor of an Ohio newspaper and a farm journal. Her husband was now ill, so she traveled only in Ohio, speaking on women’s rights. When the Civil War began, the newspaper’s circulation dropped, and the newspaper died. Frances Dana Gage focused on volunteer work to support the Union effort. Her four sons served in the Union forces.  Frances and her daughter Mary sailed in 1862 for the Sea Islands, captured territory held by the Union. She was put in charge of relief efforts on Parris Island where 500 formerly enslaved people lived.  The next year, she briefly returned to Columbus to care for her husband, then returned to her work in the Sea Islands. In late 1863 Frances Dana Gage began a lecture tour to support relief efforts for soldiers’ aid and for relief for those newly freed.  She worked without salary for the Western Sanitary Commission. She had to end her tour in September of 1864 when she was injured in a carriage accident on her tour, and was disabled for a year. Later Life After she recovered, Gage returned to lecturing. In 1866 she appeared at the New York chapter of the Equal Rights Association, advocating rights for both women and for African American women and men. As â€Å"Aunt Fanny† she published stories for children. She published a book of poetry and several novels, before being limited from lecturing by a stroke. She continued to write until her death in 1884 in Greenwich, Connecticut. Also known as: Fanny Gage, Frances Dana Barker Gage, Aunt Fanny Family: Parents: Joseph Barker and Elizabeth Dana Barker, farmers in OhioHusband: James L. Gage, lawyerChildren: four sons and four daughters

Adolf Hitler Synopsis 2 - 1985 Words

Adolf Hitler 1. THE BEGINNING At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 a child was born in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years†¦show more content†¦Historians believe that Hitler saw a great opportunity to get his views across to the German people who have lost all hope. Of course people did not start to support him right away. After he came into power, the Nazi party took control over every aspect of every day life. Hitler ordered the creation of a special police force to make sure that all opponents would be elimanted, the Gestapo. He also gave orders to set up a special force which would be used to transport and take care of all political prisioners and people thought to be inferior. The name of the force was the feared SS. Mass propaganda was used to persuade the German people that the Fuhrer would make the country strong and powerful again. They also used propaganda against the Jews and other minority groups which were considered enemies. Teachers had to belong to the Nazi party, and children were taught that Jews very the source of all their problems. Since the country was in chaos after the war, and was forced to pay billions in damages, The Germans saw hope in Adolf Hitler. In the late 20s the depression hit which made the situation even worse. Hitler in his speeches blamed the Jews and Communists for their misfortunes and many listed. 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Case Study 1 Generative Software Development Free Essays

Case Study 1: Generative Software Development Advanced Software Engineering –CIS 518 February 17, 2013 Case Study 1: Generative Software Development Generative software development is a development that permits products to be produced automatically through different specifications. This type of development happens in two phases the first phase consist of the domain engineers developing the product down to generating the software mechanisms. Once development is completed, then each individual product is produced. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study 1: Generative Software Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The normal software development process would normally consist of several different models that have a particular set of task that have to be set forth during a certain point during the process. The software development process happens over a series of activities and depending on the development model will determine what activities will take place at any given time during the process verse the Generative software development happens in two phases with specifications that are already determined at the start of the development. Developing generative software would benefit an organization because this allows for automation to software development. Many companies develop software but it is so generic and takes intense processes where the whole software is based on coding from scratch which can be possibly be used by any software. With the use of languages like FORTRAN and C will have less of an impact of the software quality and the length and speed of the development will not be effected (Iseger, 2010). Moving toward automation will give developers more room to come up with software solutions and the complier with automatically produce lower assemblers. This would streamline the organizations software with less downtime, easier maintenance and convert everything to an automated system. With the use of generative software development would save developers time in the end from having to redevelop codes from scratch which risk defects because of incorrect coding etc. The challenges that would be faced with implementing the generative software development process in organization would be to ensure that all software and systems could be integrated and automated without any delays or downtime. There would also be a problem with saving old data that is not used any longer saving and archiving information without the loss of any data during the transfer. Making sure that the development team understands the new process and how the implementation will take place. These challenges will be easy to overcome first thing would be to test as much as possible before implementation to try and catch any errors that may come up and make sure all of the developers are using and coding the new application with the desired language that was chosen for the application. Also having a back place to store the data before integrating the data so that just in case the data is lost during the implementation there is a back-up location to access any of the organizations data. Developer will had had several training sessions on the new process and there will be at least three meeting a week during implementation to ensure everyone is on the same page and to make sure that the process is running smoothly to have a successful implementation. The generative software development process might be applied to an organizations development process to quickly automate the system and create a streamline of applications that work and can be integrated without several phases to follow before implementation can occur. This can be used for organizations that are looking to automate all of their data and system applications to increase productivity enhance the security, provide data back up and data storage. The organization can use the Domain Specific Modelling, which is an approach that applies generative programming in order to improve the software applications development quality and boost the developer productivity. The move towards 3GL is the key to achieving 400% productivity (Iseger, 2010). The first step to the use of DSM is to identify the solution and come up with a illustration by using critical thinking and relating the problem to the domain. However, the use of a UML is most commonly used to provide a full model solution. Creating a visual depiction of the application model provides a blue print of the software application which programmers can use these specifications but now in the programming language. When creating the application the use of programming concepts by raising the level of abstractions will help with developing the system concept. The Organization can create the system specifications by using the concepts and rules based on the company’s products produced. Creating the application in the concept of using domains verse classes enhances the applications speed and makes it much easier to develop. This will allow the application to be more streamlined to the data and make it easier program as a whole. Creating classes all of the data has to somehow link together for the classes to retrieve the correct data but the use of DSM will eliminate that. References Iseger, M. (2010, July 23). Domain-specific modeling for generative software development. Retrieved from http://www. developerfusion. com/article/84844/domainspecific-modeling-for-generative-software-development/ Lawerence Pfleeger, S. (2010). Software engineering. (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. How to cite Case Study 1: Generative Software Development, Free Case study samples

Windows to Our Subconscious Mind free essay sample

Some dictionaries say, â€Å"A series of thoughts, images, and emotions that occur during sleep† (Webster’s). Other references say dreams are â€Å"a communication of body, mind, and spirit in a symbolic communicative environmental state of being† (Lukeman 61). Dreams have both a metaphysical and physical existence. The metaphysical aspect is the imagery in a dream and its relation to the subconscious. The physical aspect is the chemical reactions that occur within the brain during dreams. There are many commonly asked questions about dreams. Some can be answered scientifically, but the majority cannot. You might unsuccessfully try to scientifically answer questions like: What are our dreams trying to tell us? Why are dreams so strange with frequent shifts of scene? â€Å"When we sleep we do more than just rest our weary bones; we tap into our subconscious mind† (Ullman and Zimmerman). Many people simply look at dreams at a literal level. They view dreaming as just another one of those peculiar, uncontrollable happenings within our brain. They view dreaming as just another one of those peculiar, uncontrollable happenings within our brain. However, this is not the case. The fact is everybody dreams, whether they remember their dreams or not. These dreams, which are very difficult to influence or manipulate, are the language of our subconscious mind. There are many ways to look at dreams as well as interpret them. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand how dreaming and the unconscious works and the undeniable connection between the two. Dreams are an important part of people’s lives and culture around the world. In this symposium, I will elucidate the importance of dreams in one’s life, discuss the scientific perspective on dreams, and use the studies and viewpoints of the well-known dream philosopher Sigmund Freud to exemplify the psychoanalytical view on dreaming. Since the time of the Babylonians, scholars have studied with curiosity the meaning of dreams and their symbols using the cultural beliefs of their age. Some of the earliest examples of dream interpretation are in the Bible itself. In Genesis (37-41), Joseph interpreted dreams of two persons; a cupbearer and a baker. In fact, this interpretation by Joseph had a tremendous impact not only on Egypt but also on the future of dream interpretation. In later centuries, well-known philosophers Hippocrates and Aristotle studied dreams and believed that dreams were connected to future illnesses. The Egyptians and Greeks believed dreams were messages from God. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that the famous philosophers Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung came up with their own explanations and theories. I will go into great depth on their theories later in this symposium, as these men, with out a doubt, sparked an evolution in the study of dreams and are still regarded as the fathers of modern dream interpretation. Dreaming is a form of mental activity that occurs during sleep. Most people spend in total about 25 years of their life sleeping and of that about 6 years are spent dreaming in the REM stage. With few exceptions, all mammals go through the same sleep cycle. Each sleep cycle lasts for about an hour or two and repeats itself on average four to five times per night. Within each cycle are four stages. Dreams can occur in any of these stages but usually the more vivid dreams occur in the last stage also known as REM sleep, which is reached about 90-100 minutes after the onset of sleep. The stages repeat themselves throughout a night. The REM stage is reached 5-7 times per night, depending on the length of sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movement and is so named because during this stage, the eyes move quickly under the eyelid. This eye movement is the result of unconscious thought of the dreaming person who is viewing the images like a scene passing before his eyes. Dreams occur in the REM stage, which also happens to be the lightest stage of sleep because this is the only stage that the conscious mind can interpret the imagery of the subconscious. In deeper sleep stages, the conscious is not alert enough to interpret the imagery of the subconscious and therefore dreaming is rare in other stages of sleep. Dreams may be monitored using an electroencephalograph or EEG, which is a test that monitors brain wave activity and detects eye movement of a person in the REM stage of sleep. This stage is the most restorative part of sleep and is where the majority of dreaming occurs. Now there are many people who say they simply cannot remember their dreams. About half of the population wakes during non-REM sleep and this most likely explains why they are unable to remember their dreams. Now that I have set the scientific foundation for dreaming, I will discuss the actual nature of dreams. Dreams are studied with much curiosity because of the fact that they vary so far from conscious understanding. Most dreams consist of memories, and are in the form of interrupted scenes. The senses of touch, taste, smell and pain are not commonly experienced. Emotions are felt, but usually in the form of a single, basic emotion such as fear, anger, or joy. The images in a dream are bright and clear as if awake, but they are murky and plain in color. When it comes to characters, we usually play the leading role in our own dreams. Half of the characters are friends, acquaintances, or family members and the rest may be people you don’t recognize. Dreams are usually selfish or centered on oneself about 90% of the time. Dreams are more perceptual than conceptual which means things are seen and heard rather than thought† (Encarta 2000). Many of us have encountered situations in which external stimuli such as sound or movement are sensed and are incorporated into one’s dream. This is called Stimulus Incorporation. For example, an alarm clock going off in the morning and somebody shaking you to wake up could be taken as an earthquake with sirens going off in one’s dream. This is very common and usually occurs when the individual is waking from the REM stage. From a medical standpoint, dreams have been determined to be stimulated by an outburst of nerve-cell impulses from the brain stem. Some researchers suggest that the bizarre content of dreams is representative of the brain trying to rid itself of irrelevant, repetitious thoughts or associations during sleep so that it will be more open to new information during the waking state. The opposing view to this is that in dreams we reprocess information gathered during the day and by reviewing it in our dreams, it is being reinforced. REM sleep may therefore serve the important role of restoration and growth of memory. It has been scientifically proven that an individual deprived of REM sleep tends to become overly sensitive, have bad memory recall, and is less able to concentrate. Furthermore, dreams may also serve to repair one’s mood, usually by helping one solve an important problem or make a crucial decision by using this idea of reprocessing data. This is where we get the phrase, â€Å"well, just sleep on it†. Since during sleep there is a lack of sensory input to the brain from the rest of the body, the brain is not focused on our senses, such as sight or hearing. Thus, the brain can focus most of its attention on creative problem solving. Current research suggests that dreams reflect on problems that the individual experiences in life, and that the function of dreams is to â€Å"act out† the emotional problem. On a more practical level, there are those who simply believe that dreams are the clearing of unneeded fragments from our memory that have accumulated over the past few days. â€Å"Try to imagine your brain kicking around emotions, thoughts, ideas, actions, and interactions of the short-term memory while in the back of your mind the trends of your life and your thoughts still remain† (Crisp 152). All this data is a form of chaos, and your mind puts it all together in a form of visual screenplay creating what we know as, the dream† (Peters67). In a nutshell, the scientific approach is that dreams are nothing more than small amounts of information that are being scanned and sorted during REM sleep. Dreams can be categorized into at least seven types according to the information that I have rese arched. These include superconscious dreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, night terrors, sexual dreams, repetitive dreams, and plain subconscious dreams. Superconscious dreams are thought to give the dreamer the ability to see things that haven’t yet occurred. These dreams may act as warnings or messengers. They are prophetic in a way and this type of dream was frequently commented on in biblical times. The second class of dreams is lucid dreaming which is where the individual becomes aware that they are dreaming during the dream. People can teach themselves to recognize that they are dreaming and their awareness does not interfere with the dream’s natural flow. The next type of dream, which is very simple in nature but usually very meaningful, is the all too famous nightmare. Nightmares are very simple in nature but are usually spawned from suppressed negative emotion. The imagery is usually intense and fearful and interestingly enough, all nightmares end with awakening. This is easily understood since the nightmare is very emotionally overwhelming. Night terrors are the next type of dream and are similar to nightmares except they are extremely frightening and traumatic. Night terrors are most often experienced by young children however they are very occasional. Night terrors will cause a child to wake up crying or screaming in fright. The next two types of dreams can be literally understood by their names. The first is sexual dreams, and the second is repetitive dreams. Sexual dreams are believed to be the result of sexual tension or urges to engage in sexual intercourse by the dreamer. Repetitive dreams are dreams that occur more than once and convey a meaning of urgent but ignored emotions in ones life. Lastly, the plain subconscious dream is the dream that does not fall into any other dream category. Basically, it is the â€Å"average† dream. These are usually the hardest to interpret or understand because they can’t be categorized specifically. The metaphysical aspect of dreaming is the imagery in a dream and its relation to the subconscious. A person’s conscious mind is the mind they use when they are awake and aware of what is going on. The conscious is the part of the mind that can make decisions and distinctions between reality and desire. It has complete control over speaking, thinking and action around others. During dreaming, the mind travels from the conscious to the subconscious. Although dreams are strange in appearance they hold detailed meaning pertaining to one’s life. In the Hebrew Talmud, it is written ‘A dream not interpreted is like a letter to the self not read’† (Time-Life 23). Learning what dreams are trying to tell us by analyzing symbols and themes within them has now been come to known as dream interpretation. Understanding the structure and symbolism in dreams is crucial in the process of interpreting them. Dreams are full of what is called, â€Å"symbolic imageryâ⠂¬ . The key to interpreting your own dreams is to analyze and comprehend the basic themes and symbols within them while at the same time understanding the correlation between them and your life. I have concluded that a dream is made up of several elements all of which need to be carefully examined in order to more comprehensively interpret a dream. The first element of a dream is the overall theme. In order to clearly reveal the theme of a dream, one must take all the details away and look at it as a whole. Exclude names, places, faces, things and concentrate on the action of the dream. What is happening that is of key importance? Is there traveling, because traveling has been known to represent the moving on in the journey of one’s life? Is the theme death, because death often signifies one’s ego is having trouble dealing with a recent change in life? So in general, this method of removing details will point you in the right direction in terms of the interpretation of the dream. The second element of a dream is the dreamer himself. Understanding the dreamer is one of the most important aspects in accurately interpreting a dream. The dreamer is responsible for the images and actions that take place in the dream, because it is from the dreamer’s subconscious mind that the dream content is born. Dreams represent many different areas of the dreamer’s physical, emotional and mental being. Many times, current situations that bring distress or anxiety to the dreamer will be evident in the dream in many different forms, which are usually very symbolic in their appearance and meaning. Furthermore, many other factors such as childhood influences, general fears and phobias, or the basic personality of the dreamer may also play a role in the formation of a dream. Dreams have been said to be the â€Å"voice of our subconscious†. The subconscious is the home of â€Å"powerful primitive drives and forbidden wishes that constantly generate pressure on the conscious mind† (Hunt 185). â€Å"Within the subconscious lie different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct† (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). It has been said that one will never see something in their dreams that they haven’t seen in real life. The question is then raised, â€Å"what do blind people see in dreams. † The subconscious mind communicates using other senses such as hearing, smell, or taste. Hellen Keller talked about â€Å"seeing† in her dreams much like she perceived things around her during her daily life. This shows that the subconscious will find a way to communicate to the conscious, even if the sense of sight is not present. The subconscious mind cannot speak directly to the conscious mind, but there is communication through symbolism, which is the third and final element of dreams. Pictures and symbols present in the environment of a dream are crucial in the interpretation of the entire dream. As I’ve said, they are the language of the subconscious. The colors in one’s dreams may be very informative when it comes to interpreting dreams. Clothing in dreams would best symbolize your mood or attitude. More specifically, parents might be disguised as thieves, images that derive from the early months of an infant’s life when parents would enter the room at night to check on them. The self may be portrayed as a prince or princess. And childhood may be illustrated in a dream when everybody else is enormous and the dreamer is small. Symbolism can be found in every scene of a dream, one just has to learn how to relate it to their lives. Take Joe for example. He dreamt that he was lying in bed crying. Suddenly water began to rise in his room and he tried calling 9-1-1 but nobody would answer. First, Joe woke up, thinking he was in the middle of a nightmare. Now Joe has two choices. He could forget about the dream and think of it as meaningless, or he could examine the symbolism present and determine what his dream is urgently trying to tell him. Joe decided to analyze his dream. Since he is in his own bed, it showed that he is comfortable in his life. Secondly, Joe needs to understand he was showing signs of regression by sitting and crying. Once he realizes that, he remembers he was reprimanded at work the day before. Then Joe examines the rising water and determines that it signifies the fact that he has been feeling overcome with uncontrollable emotions lately in his life. Lastly, he concludes the 9-1-1 call in which he could not get through was symbolizing a communication breakdown, and he quickly establishes the connection by realizing he has not been communicating very well with his wife and their relationship is suffering. Nothing in our dreams is made up, but rather is determined by our experiences and emotional needs. Also, one must remember that symbols do not have fixed meanings in dreams, but rather are meaningful in the context of what is happening in the dream and in the life of the individual. Joe’s dream is simply one example of interpreting a dream and learning to relate it to your life by analyzing and understanding the three basic elements of the dream: the symbols present, the major themes, and the dreamer themselves. One very favorable method of dream interpretation is Psychoanalytical sessions, in which the dreamer and a psychoanalyst meet to discuss the dreamer’s direct associations to everything in the dream. The psychoanalyst must have profound knowledge of the dreamer’s direct and indirect relationships with the content of the dream and, there must be a strong mutual trust between the two individuals. Finally, I would like to introduce the psychoanalytical view on dreaming through the well-known theories and ideas of Sigmund Freud. Freud devised the â€Å"wish-fulfillment theory†, which he believed was the root of all of our dreams. He believed that dreams carry hidden signs of suppressed needs as well as our deepest desires going back to our childhood. The wish-fulfillment theory is â€Å"Freud’s theory of dream interpretation that emphasizes the roles of manifest and latent content of dreams† (Hunt 196). Let me clarify these psychoanalytic terms to make his theory more understandable. Manifest content is what the dreamer consciously understands from his dream. It is the basic dream told by the dreamer, exactly how he/she experienced it. The Latent content is the dream’s hidden meaning, which originates in the unconscious. It is what the interpretation reveals about the dream that was not known at first. The latent content brings fourth the problem or conflict which brought about the dream in the first place. To interpret a dream one must first look at the manifest content to get to the latent content. Many people would bring up the important question of â€Å"how can a terrifying nightmare possibly be fulfilling a wish? † Freud simply responded by explaining that we must be able to distinguish between the manifest and latent content of the dream. He said that a dream disguises it’s latent content because it is often immoral or has to do with a person’s instinctual aggressive or sexual nature. Freud said the idea of the latent content being disguised as manifest content is merely a form of censorship. Conclusively, dreams are â€Å"conscious hallucinations of a sleeping individual which result from unconscious disguising of repressed traumatic conflicts† (Freud). Freud furthermore believed that in order for these â€Å"repressed traumatic conflicts† to transform into dreams, the individual who experiences them must unconsciously feel incapable of resolving them. In addition, he said that a dream was not only spawned from ongoing wishes deep in our subconscious, but also from the previous day’s activities. Freud said that during sleep, there are â€Å"residues† in the conscious of the previous day’s thoughts and feelings that were too trivial to be dealt with then. The mind preserves memory traces of everything it records and therefore remains burdened with these impressions. â€Å"Trains of thought, interrupted, undeveloped, or unsolved during the day are intertwined with material that has been repressed from the conscience† (Freud 593). Freud believed that when we sleep, we move from the conscious to the unconscious. In the unconscious mind, a person’s ability to repress dreams is diminished and they cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy, therefore an individual takes dreams to be truly happening as they experience them. Freud once said â€Å"Dreams are fancied dramatizations of disguised unconscious traumatic conflicts which the sleeping individual considers as happenings in the outside world since he cannot reject them. † He believed â€Å"the interpretation of dreams is the royal road to the unconscious† (Freud). Freud believed all dreams served a very important purpose. He held that dreams were a defense mechanism, with which one may express their aggravation or frustration preventing it from causing stress and tension in our daily lives. However, he believed the foremost reason for dreaming was to allow our subconscious mind to indirectly speak to us in order to gain knowledge about ourselves and to improve our lives overall. A dream, transient and ephemeral in nature, can easily be taken as nothing more than wild, imaginative thoughts and feelings the purpose of which can be controversially disputed for eternity. A dream is a fantastical voyage in our sleep, an unpredictable guided journey through the self, which teaches us about ourselves, helps us discover different aspects of our social and moral character, and makes us truly aware of our very own human instincts. Dreams awaken the past and offer us an escape from the present. Through dreams, our emotional, physical and social dilemmas may be much more clearly understood and conquered. Dreams contain our hopes, fears, and wishes through which careful interpretation may reveal even the most hidden parts of one’s subconscious. Trying to understand the subconscious mind is a very difficult task. Without concrete methods of studying it, dreams may be one of the only ways to approach it. One should not take for granted the vast possibilities of self-discovery present in dreams but instead employ them to their advantage and grow stronger as an individual. As Carl Jung, a notable philosopher and dream theorist once said, â€Å"it is good to learn the theories on dreaming, but remember what dreams are†¦a living soul†.